首页
登录
职称英语
Changing our Understanding of Healt
Changing our Understanding of Healt
游客
2024-01-08
10
管理
问题
Changing our
Understanding of Health
A
The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups. These meanings of health have also changed over time. This change is no more evident than in Western society today, when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways.
B
For much of recent Western history, health has been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms. According to this view, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or prevent disease and illness. During this period, there was an emphasis on providing clean water, improved sanitation and housing.
C
In the late 1940s the World Health Organistation challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health. They stated that ’health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease’(WHO, 1946). Health and the person were seen more holistically(mind/body/spirit)and not just in physical terms.
D
The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasising the importance of the lifestyle and behaviour of the individual. Specific behaviours which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviours and lifestyles. While this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health worked for some(the wealthy members of society), people experiencing poverty, unemployment, underemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from this approach. This was largely because both the healthy lifestyles approach and the medical approach to health largely ignored the social and environmental conditions affecting the health of people.
E
During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health. The broad socio-ecological view of health was endorsed at the first International Conference of Health Promotion held in 1986, Ottawa, Canada, where people from 38 countries agreed and declared that:
The fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace, shelter,
education, food, a viable income, a stable eco-system, sustainable re
sources, social justice and equity. Improvement in health requires a se
cure foundation in these basic requirements.(WHO, 1986)
It is clear from this statement that the creation of health is about much more than encouraging healthy individual behaviours and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. Therefore, the creation of health must include addressing issues such as poverty, pollution, urbanisation, natural resource depletion, social alienation and poor working conditions. The social, economic and environmental contexts which contribute to the creation of health do not operate separately or independently of each other. Rather, they are interacting and interdependent, and it is the complex interrelationships between them which determine the conditions that promote health. A broad socio-ecological view of health suggests that the promotion of health must include a strong social, economic and environmental focus.
F
At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of health. This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, remains as the backbone of health action today. In exploring the scope of health promotion it states that:
Good health is a major resource for social, economic and personal devel
opment and an important dimension of quality of life. Political, econom
ic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors
can all favour health or be harmful to it.(WHO, 1986)
The Ottawa Charter brings practical meaning and action to this broad notion of health promotion. It presents fundamental strategies and approaches in achieving health for all. The overall philosophy of health promotion which guides these fundamental strategies and approaches is one of ’ enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health’(WHO, 1986).
Questions 19-22
Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage, answer the following questions. Write your answers in boxes 19 - 22 on your answer sheet. [br] During which decade were lifestyle risks seen as the major contributors to poor health?
选项
答案
(the)1970s
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.tihaiku.com/zcyy/3345906.html
相关试题推荐
Thepressureofpopulationonavailableresourcesisthekeytounderstandinghi
DoChinesepeoplelikechangingtheirname?Whyorwhynot? No,Idon’tthinks
Canyoutellmehowfastmoderntechnologyischangingtoday? Ithinkmodernte
ChangingourUnderstandingofHealt
ChangingourUnderstandingofHealt
ChangingourUnderstandingofHealt
ChangingourUnderstandingofHealt
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.[br]Understandinghowpeoplethinkabout
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.[br]Understandinghowpeoplethinkabout
随机试题
[originaltext]Trolleysrallyingdownaisles,endlesscheckoutqueues,andf
【B1】[br]【B8】A、prevalentB、primaryC、poorD、productiveB词义辨析题。由and可以看出_____pe
Chinahasoutlinedanewapproachtoforeigninvestment,withplannerssayin
Receivingvisitorsandguestsisanimportantpartofthesecretary’sdaily
普通话声母中浊音声母有()A.三个 B.四个 C.五个 D.六个
患者,男。肠腔高度胀气,遵医嘱行肛管排气。下列护理措施中,不正确的是() A.
流水线组织设计的第一步为()。A.计算流水线节拍 B.进行工同期化
下列关于证明的哪一表述是正确的?(2014年)?A.经过公证的书证,其证明力一般
(2014年真题)根据公司法律制度的规定,在名义股东与实际出资人之间确定投资权益
根据契税法律制度的规定,下列各项中,属于契税征税范围的有()。A.土地承包经营权
最新回复
(
0
)