首页
登录
职称英语
Changing our Understanding of Healt
Changing our Understanding of Healt
游客
2024-01-08
7
管理
问题
Changing our
Understanding of Health
A
The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups. These meanings of health have also changed over time. This change is no more evident than in Western society today, when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways.
B
For much of recent Western history, health has been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms. According to this view, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or prevent disease and illness. During this period, there was an emphasis on providing clean water, improved sanitation and housing.
C
In the late 1940s the World Health Organistation challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health. They stated that ’health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease’(WHO, 1946). Health and the person were seen more holistically(mind/body/spirit)and not just in physical terms.
D
The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasising the importance of the lifestyle and behaviour of the individual. Specific behaviours which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviours and lifestyles. While this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health worked for some(the wealthy members of society), people experiencing poverty, unemployment, underemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from this approach. This was largely because both the healthy lifestyles approach and the medical approach to health largely ignored the social and environmental conditions affecting the health of people.
E
During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health. The broad socio-ecological view of health was endorsed at the first International Conference of Health Promotion held in 1986, Ottawa, Canada, where people from 38 countries agreed and declared that:
The fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace, shelter,
education, food, a viable income, a stable eco-system, sustainable re
sources, social justice and equity. Improvement in health requires a se
cure foundation in these basic requirements.(WHO, 1986)
It is clear from this statement that the creation of health is about much more than encouraging healthy individual behaviours and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. Therefore, the creation of health must include addressing issues such as poverty, pollution, urbanisation, natural resource depletion, social alienation and poor working conditions. The social, economic and environmental contexts which contribute to the creation of health do not operate separately or independently of each other. Rather, they are interacting and interdependent, and it is the complex interrelationships between them which determine the conditions that promote health. A broad socio-ecological view of health suggests that the promotion of health must include a strong social, economic and environmental focus.
F
At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of health. This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, remains as the backbone of health action today. In exploring the scope of health promotion it states that:
Good health is a major resource for social, economic and personal devel
opment and an important dimension of quality of life. Political, econom
ic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors
can all favour health or be harmful to it.(WHO, 1986)
The Ottawa Charter brings practical meaning and action to this broad notion of health promotion. It presents fundamental strategies and approaches in achieving health for all. The overall philosophy of health promotion which guides these fundamental strategies and approaches is one of ’ enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health’(WHO, 1986).
Questions 19-22
Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage, answer the following questions. Write your answers in boxes 19 - 22 on your answer sheet. [br] Name the three broad areas which relate to people’s health, according to the socioecological view of health.
选项
答案
social, economic, environmental
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.tihaiku.com/zcyy/3345905.html
相关试题推荐
Someethicistsworrythatadeeperunderstandingofthebrainmaybetantamount
Thepressureofpopulationonavailableresourcesisthekeytounderstandinghi
DoChinesepeoplelikechangingtheirname?Whyorwhynot? No,Idon’tthinks
Canyoutellmehowfastmoderntechnologyischangingtoday? Ithinkmodernte
ChangingourUnderstandingofHealt
ChangingourUnderstandingofHealt
ChangingourUnderstandingofHealt
ChangingourUnderstandingofHealt
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.[br]Understandinghowpeoplethinkabout
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.[br]Understandinghowpeoplethinkabout
随机试题
Whydoesthestudentgotospeaktotheconsultant?[originaltext]Listentoaco
Recentstudieshaveshownthatairintoahouseoftenhashigherconcentrations
根据消防法的规定,国务院应当将消防规划纳入城乡规划,并负责组织实施。
艺术创作是一个复杂的过程,通常分为()三个阶段。A.艺术体验 B.艺术构思
新事物就是新产生的事物。()
导游讲解应遵循的原则有()。A.客观性原则 B.针对性原则 C.计划性原则
住房租赁手续费的收费标准为每套()元,由出租人承担。A:50 B:100 C
左边给定的是多面体的外表面,右边哪一项能由它折叠而成?请把它找出来。 A.如上
编制生产计划应遵循的原则有( )。A.航运企业经营计划与内外部环境相适应 B
著名教育家第多斯惠曾说,“教师本人是学校最重要的师表,是最直观的、最有教益的模范
最新回复
(
0
)