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  3. Global Developments Sociologists tell us there is a link

Global Developments Sociologists tell us there is a link

游客2024-01-04  12
问题                     Global Developments
    Sociologists tell us there is a link between private lives and social forces. An outstanding example of such a link is the contrast in life chances between people in developed and in less developed countries. A child born in, say, the United States or Switzerland is not a better or more deserving person than one born in Ethiopia or Brazil. Yet because of social forces beyond individual control, each child faces the prospect of living out a lifetime under utterly different material conditions. Why should this be? What can account for the fact that some societies have become heavily industrialized and economically advanced, while others are changing so much more slowly? Social scientists have offered two different explanations. One emphasizes a universal but uneven process of modernization and economic growth; the other focuses on a worldwide system of political and economic inequality.   Some social scientists view development in terms of modernization, a process of economic, social and cultural change that facilitates the transition from pre-industrial to industrial society. Modernization theorists claim that the various countries of the world are converging on a basically similar social type, the modern industrialized society. Some 250 years ago, the developed countries of today also had rudimentary, pre-industrial economies, but because they modernized relatively quickly, they now have productive economies that offer high living standards. During the same period, however, the poor countries have been slow to modernize.  Differences in development, therefore, are largely the result of uneven modernization; but as "modern" features spread from the developed to the less developed countries, they too will follow the path to industrialization and affluence.   What kinds of change does modernization entail? Some modernization theorists emphasize a change in individual psychology. They claim that people in the developed societies are more likely to have a work ethic, a desire for achievement, a willingness to defer gratification, a sense of control over their destiny, a strong sense of individualism. In contrast, a lack of ambition, an orientation toward the present, a fatalistic outlook, and a weak sense of individualism are said to be typical of people in more traditional societies.
(A) [■] Other modernization theorists emphasize sweeping structural changes in society.
(B) [■] Traditional societies are more likely to have an extended family system, in which kinship obligations encourage people to remain, physically and socially, where they started.  
(C) [■] Similarly,  modernization involves such features as heavy urbanization, extensive schooling, advanced technology, low population growth, a legal-rational political system, and a range of sophisticated services such as efficient transport, banking and communications.
(D) [■] On the whole, these features are lacking or inadequate in less developed countries, where government is usually authoritarian, the population is predominately rural and ill educated, and the necessary services are not in place.   Other social scientists view development in the context of the world system, a network of unequal economical and political relationships among the developed and the less developed countries. This international system consists of a "core" of highly industrialized countries, and a "periphery" of less developed countries that are dependent on and exploited by those at the core. World-system theorists point out that the peoples of the third world were quite capable of providing for themselves before "modern" ideas and technologies began to "diffuse" from the colonial powers. In fact, they claim, development and underdevelopment proceeded simultaneously over a period of more than two centuries as the richer countries financed their own industrial expansion by draining the surplus resources of the poorer ones. The colonial system finally broke down when the last of the colonies won their formal independence around the middle of the twentieth century. But by then a new international relationship had been established: neocolonialism, the informal political and economic domination of some societies by others, such that the former are able to exploit the labor and resources of the latter for their own purposes. In essence, the world system is a form of international stratification, with a wealthy minority enjoying a disproportionate share of the planet’s resources and using various means—political, economic, and sometimes military—to maintain their position. [br] Complete the table by matching the phrases below. Select the appropriate features from the answer choices and match them to the kind of model to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points.
   
Answer Choices   
A. The economy undergoes universal but uneven growth.   
B. The less developed countries experience political and economical inequality.   
C. The developed countries use various means to exploit the less developed countries.   
D. After the collapse of the colonial system, the less developed countries take advantage of the labor and resources of the developed countries.   
E. Industrialization means that people in the rich and poor countries have the same opinions about different aspects of life.   
F. The less developed countries will eventually progress towards industrialization.   
G. The less developed countries are kept in a situation of permanent dependence on the developed countries.
选项
答案 The modernization model  　　　　　　The world system model  
A. The economy undergoes universal but uneven growth.
F. The less developed countries will eventually progress towards industrialization.
B. The less developed countries experience political and economical inequality.
C. The developed countries use various means to exploit the less developed countries.
G. The less developed countries are kept in a situation of permanent dependence on the developed countries.
解析 本题为图表题，考查考生对全文的理解能力、概括能力和组织重要信息的能力。从第一段倒数第一、二句可知选项A属于现代化模式，选项B属于世界体系模式。从第四段倒数第一句可知选项C属于世界体系模式。从第二段倒数第一句可知选项F属于现代化模式。从第四段倒数第一、二句可知选项G属于世界体系模式。从第四段倒数一、二、三句可知选项D文中未提到。从第三段内容可知选项E文中未提到。
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