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Where there is financial connection, we see that rapid improvements in quali

游客2023-12-28  8
问题     Where there is financial connection, we see that rapid improvements in quality of life can quickly follow. In modern world, there are several important channels to achieving this greater financial connectivity. I want to highlight two today: increased capital mobility and increased financial inclusion.
    First, enabling capital to flow more freely. Allowing capital to flow across borders can help support inclusive growth. Right now, foreign direct investment is only 1.9 percent of GDP in developing countries. Before the global financial crisis, it was at 2.5 percent. Making progress on major infrastructure needs will require capital flows to rise again and to be managed safely. Greater openness to capital flows can also bring down the cost of finance, improve the efficiency of the financial sector, and allow capital to support productive investments and new jobs.
    Second, we also need increased financial inclusion. Challenges come with opening up capital markets. Thankfully, we know from experience the elements that are required for success. These include sound financial regulation, transparent rules for investment, and attention to fiscal sustainability. A few numbers: close to half of the adult population in low and middle-income Asia-Pacific economies do not have a bank account. Less than 10 percent have ever borrowed from a financial institution. And yet, we know that closing the finance gap is an “economic must-have” for nations to thrive in the 21st century. IMF analysis shows that if the least financially inclusive countries in Asia narrowed the finance gap to the level of Thailand, the poverty rate in those countries could be reduced by nearly 4 percent. How can we get there? In part, through policies that enable more women and rural citizens to access financial services. The financial gender gap for women in developing countries is about 9 percent and has remained largely unchanged since 2011.
    There is no quick fix, but we know that Fintech can play a catalyzing role. In Cambodia, for example, strong public-private partnerships in supporting mobile finance has led to a tripling in the number of micro-financial institutions since 2011. These institutions have now provided loans to over 2 million new borrowers, representing nearly 20 percent of the adult population. Many of these citizens had never had a bank account. Now they can save for the future and perhaps even start a business of their own.
    These are ideas that can work everywhere. But countries have to be willing to partner and learn from each other. The IMF and World Bank launched the Bali Fintech Agenda last October. The agenda lays out key principles - from developing financial markets to safeguarding financial integrity - that can help each nation as it strives for greater financial inclusion.
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答案     金融关联所及之处，人们的生活质量便会得以迅速的提升。现代世界，有着多种异乎重要的渠道，可实现这种更大程度上的金融连通性。今天，我要强调其中两个渠道即：提升资本流动性与增强金融的包容性。
    第一个渠道是促使资本以更为自由的姿态进行流动。允许资本跨境流动，有助于推动资本包容性的增长。目前，发展中国家的外国直接投资仅占国内生产总值的1.9％。而在全球金融危机爆发之前，这个数字是2.5％。要在大型基础设施需求方面取得进展，就必须让资本的流动再度活跃起来，并对资本流动进行安全管制。增进资本流动的开放性可降低金融成本，改善金融部门效率，让资本支持生产性投资，创造新的就业机会。
    第二个渠道是增进金融的包容性。开放资本市场会带来了一系列挑战。所幸地是我们从经验中了解到了成功应对挑战的必备要素，包括健全的金融监管、透明的投资规则以及对财政可持续性地关注。我们来看一组数字：在中低等收入的亚太国家，有将近一半的成年人是没有开立银行账户的，不到10％的人有着向金融机构借贷的经历。但我们深知，缩小金融鸿沟是21世纪实现国家繁荣发展的“不可或缺的经济举措”。国际货币基金组织的分析就显示，如果金融包容性最差的亚洲各国能够缩小金融鸿沟，并能达到泰国的水平，那么，这些国家的贫困率将缩减近4％。而如何才能做到这一点呢？部分可通过各种政策让女性和农村人口获得金融服务。发展中国家女性的金融性别缺口约为9％，这种情况自2011年以来，就基本维持不变。
    解决该问题，不可能一蹴而就，然而，我们深知金融科技可以发挥催化剂的作用。就好比在柬埔寨，为支持移动金融的发展，该国推出了多项强有力的公私合营项目，因此，微型金融机构数量，自2011年以来，就增长了两倍之多。这些机构为200多万公民提供贷款服务，这一人数几乎占到了柬埔寨成年人口的20％。诸多公民之前从未开立过银行账户。而现在，他们不仅可以攒钱，为未来未雨绸缪，甚至还可以自主创业。
    这些想法在哪都是适用的。但是，世界各国必须相互协作，且相互学习。去年十月，国际货币基金组织和世界银行联合发布了《巴厘岛金融科技纲领》 ，该纲领制定了若干重要原则，从发展金融市场到维护金融的健全性，不一而足，可助力每个国家争取更大程度的金融包容性。
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