2. 职称英语
  3. (1) Men and women tend to choose different career paths, and researchers hav

(1) Men and women tend to choose different career paths, and researchers hav

游客2023-10-28  61
问题     (1) Men and women tend to choose different career paths, and researchers have identified this as the biggest reason men make more money. So if men and women were equally represented across all occupations, would it close that gender pay gap?
    (2) Teaching is just one example of an occupation segregated along gender lines. According to the Labor Department, about 80 percent of elementary- and middle-school teachers are women. A wide array of other jobs in the United States are overwhelmingly done by one gender or the other—from low-wage cafeteria workers (61 percent women) all the way up to the C-suite (75 percent of chief executives are men).
    (3) But according to a study released on July 13 by the job-search site CareerBuilder, that could be changing. Women are entering traditionally male-dominated jobs in greater numbers, and vice versa. One of the more dramatic examples: A full 95 percent of firefighters are men, but nearly a third of new firefighters hired since 2009 have been women, according to the study. On the other side of the coin, just 20 percent of elementary school teachers are men, yet men make up nearly half of all new hires in the field over the past eight years.
    (4) The softening of those gendered barriers, and evolving perceptions of which jobs are appropriate for whom, is a product of fundamental changes in the US economy, and, if the trend continues, could inch women closer to equal pay with their male counterparts. But it’s not a silver bullet. The pay gap is a multifaceted problem without a clean fix—men still out-earn women even within the same occupations, and a dearth of women at the top of the career ladder persists.
    (5) "We could have perfect gender parity and still have a pay gap, but it’s still good news," says Emily Liner, an economist and senior policy advisor. Gender parity hasn’t improved markedly for every career, but the study finds that women have made inroads in the past eight years in occupations including CEOs, lawyers, web developers, dentists, sales managers, marketing managers, chemists, and financial analysts. There’s even been a big increase in women hired as sports coaches and scouts. Some of these shifts for men and women are borne out elsewhere. According to the US Census Bureau, the number of men in nursing careers, while still small, has tripled since the 1970s.
    (6) A number of factors could be driving that migration. For men, Ms. Liner says, the evolution into a service economy is altering perceptions of what is acceptable work. "Automation and globalization are the reasons men are considering jobs they may not have before," she says. For both men and women, seeing peers take those less conventional career paths can get the ball rolling toward gender parity even faster. "It’s, ’I know someone who does this who is similar to me.’ That might be causing some acceleration there."
    (7) In terms of increasing the 80 cents a woman earns for every dollar a man does, easing the job market’s gender segregation could play a big role. Liner, in her research on how gender is linked to salaries, found that jobs that account for the top 10 percent of earnings in the US are almost entirely male-dominated. In contrast, women occupy over two-thirds of the lowest-wage jobs that the Labor Department tracks—entry-level retail and food service positions. Even within those low-wage categories, there are often stark gender divides. Parking lot attendants, for example, are overwhelmingly male, and they make about $3,000 more per year on average than cashiers, who skew female.
    (8) Historically, too, just the influx of women or men into certain careers has influenced their prestige and earning potential. Computer programming started out as unglamorous work done primarily by women, but became better-paying and respected as men became the majority. The reverse is true for a number of jobs now occupied primarily by women.
    (9) But not all of them. Pharmacists make up an occupational group that has both increased the number of women in its ranks over the long term and retained high earnings. Pharmacy is the second-highest-paying profession in the US, and has a smaller pay gap than other prestigious fields, including business and law. In a 2014 speech, Harvard labor economist Claudia Goldin credited the job’s flexibility, made possible by technology and the standardization of the work itself, as a major factor in its ability to recruit women and retain them even as they start families. [br] Among all the factors that spur the erosion of career boundaries, which seems to be the root cause?
选项 A、The alteration of social belief.
B、The power of role models.
C、The influence of group psychology.
D、The evolution of the economic structure.
答案 D
解析 对于职业性别壁垒消除的原因分析主要集中在第六段。作者在第五段中提到男女行业转换的现象，并在第六段第一句中指出这种现象原因众多，而第二句指出社会经济转型导致人们的职业观念改变，而职业观念改变则让更多人愿意选择非传统的职业道路，可见经济的发展与转型才是相关社会观念改变的动力和职业性别壁垒消除的根本原因，因此正确答案为D项。根据上述分析可见，社会观念的改变也是经济进步的产物，不是根本原因，故排除A项；定位段最后两句提到，人们有效仿他人的现象，说明榜样的力量和从众心理也是人们职业转换的动因，但是这些显然是在最初的观念改变后才可能出现的行为，显然不是根本原因，因此排除B项和C项。
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