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  3. Narrowly defined, urbanization refers to city formation. The earliest cities

Narrowly defined, urbanization refers to city formation. The earliest cities

游客2023-08-30  47
问题     Narrowly defined, urbanization refers to city formation. The earliest cities 【C1】______ from about the fourth millennium BCE. In the Middle Ages the expansion of long-distance trade and mercantile capitalism stimulated the growth of major European cities. There is significant 【C2】______ about the relationship between urbanization, feudal decline, and the growth of capitalism.
    Most sociological attention has focused on the large-scale urbanization accompanying industrialization and the emergence of modern societies. Although there is no【C3】______ relationship between levels of economic development and urbanization, the term "under urbanization" is often used to describe the situation in the countries where the growth of industrial agglomerations (聚集) is not matched by a sufficient expansion of housing and urban 【C4】______ for the workforce. Similarly, the term "over-urbanization" is applied to Third World cities which have large populations that cannot be  【C5】______ into the formal economy. As the social changes accompanying industrialization 【C6】______ throughout national territories the sociological significance of urbanization 【C7】______ . In such urbanized societies the term may carry a wider meaning, signifying possession of an advanced industrial economy, and modernized social structure.
    Urbanism refers to patterns of social life thought typical of urban populations. These include a highly specialized division of labour, growth of instrumentalism in social relationships, weakening of【C8】______ relationships, growth of voluntary associations, normative pluralism, secularization, increase in social conflict, and growing importance of the mass media. In a key paper published in 1938, Louis Wirth sought to 【C9】______ these patterns in three general characteristics of cities—size, density, and social heterogeneity. However, later research showed that attempts to link social and cultural characteristics deterministically with physical locations are 【C10】______ .
   A. infrastructure      I. ground
   B. diminishes          J. kin
   C. diffuse             K. ranch
   D. loop                L. skeleton
   E. misconceived        M. preclude
   F. absorbed            N. invariant
   G. tug                 O. date
   H. controversy [br] 【C3】
选项
答案 N
解析 invariant形容词，意为“不变的”。本句的意思是经济发展水平和城市化水平之间的关系不是一成不变的。
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