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Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise

游客2023-08-15  35
问题     Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can【C1】______ performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on【C2】______ and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters,【C3】______ among educators. But the careful use of small【C4】______ rewards sparks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed【C5】______ inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively【C6】______ task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to【C7】______ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."
    A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for【C8】______ achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and【C9】______ failing grades.
    In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows【C10】______ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
A) mental I) approval
B) promise J) monetary
C) kill K) generally
D) avoid L) improve
E) hope M) challenging
F) especially N) restore
G) aid O) excellent H) ordinary [br] 【C3】
选项
答案 F
解析 本空所在句子结构完整，可知本空应为副词。educators是其中一类supporter，可见此处是为了突出强调教育家支持认知派研究专家的看法，因此只有especially符合题意。故答案为F)especially(尤其，特别)。
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