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  3. In the human species individuals are equipped with fewer instincts than is t

In the human species individuals are equipped with fewer instincts than is t

游客2025-04-21  23
问题     In the human species individuals are equipped with fewer instincts than is the case in many nonhuman species. And, as already noted, they are born cultureless. Therefore, an infant Homo sapiens must learn a very great deal and acquire a vast number of conditioned reflexes and habit patterns in order to live effectively, not only in society but in a particular kind of sociocultural system, be it Tibetan, Eskimo, or French. This process, taken as a whole, is called socialization (occasionally, enculturation)—the making of a social being out of one that was at birth wholly individualistic and egoistic.
    Education in its broadest sense may properly be regarded as the process by which the culture of a sociocultural system is impressed or imposed upon the plastic, receptive infant. It is this process that makes continuity of culture possible. Education, formal and informal, is the specific means of socialization. By informal education is meant the way a child learns to adapt his behaviour to that of others, to be like others, to become a member of a group. By formal education is meant the intentional and more or less systematic effort to affect the behaviour of others by transmitting elements of culture to them, be it knowledge or belief, patterns of behaviour, or ideals and values. These attempts may be overt or covert. The teacher may make his purpose apparent, even emphatic, to the learner. But much education is effected in an unobtrusive way, without teacher or learner being aware that culture is being transmitted. Thus, in myths and tales, certain characters are presented as heroes or villains, certain traits are extolled, others are deplored or denounced. The impressionable child acquires ideals and values, an image of the good or the bad.
    The growing child is immersed in the fountain of informal education constantly, the formal education tends to be periodic. Many sociocultural systems distinguish rather sharply a series of stages in the education and development of full-fledged men and women. First there is infancy, during which perhaps the most profound and enduring influences of a person’s life are brought to bear. Weaning ushers in a new stage, that of childhood, during which boys and girls become distinguished from each other. Puberty rites transform children into men and women. These rites vary enormously in emphasis and content. Sometimes they include whipping, isolation, scarification, or circumcision. Very often the ritual is accompanied by explicit instruction in the mythology and lore of the tribe and in ethical codes.  Such rituals as confirmation and Bar Mitzvahin modern Western culture belong to the category of puberty rites.
    With marriage come instruction and admonition, appropriate to the occasion, from eider relatives and, in more advanced cultures, from priests. In some sociocuhural systems men may become members of associations or sodalities: men’s clubs, warrior societies, secret societies of magic or medicine. In some cases it is said that in passing through initiation rites a person is "born again." Women also may belong to sodalities, and in some instances they may become members of secret, magical societies along with men. [br] Which of the following statements about the role myths and mythologies play in socialization is TRUE?
选项 A、They sometimes are involved in the puberty rituals to distinguish the men and women.
B、Individuals can obtain knowledge and belief from them without their being aware of it.
C、They will play a most essential role when individuals enter marriage.
D、They are the most profound and enduring influence in individuals’ life as they help children to distinguish the good the bad.
答案 B
解析 第二段倒数第三句表明有时个人在接受文化影响时，学习者和传授者可能都没有意识到。神话和故事就属于这一情况。
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