首页
登录
职称英语
Government has traditionally been evaluated in terms of their effects in prom
Government has traditionally been evaluated in terms of their effects in prom
游客
2025-04-21
28
管理
问题
Government has traditionally been evaluated in terms of their effects in promoting several principles. We have seen that one of these -justice - is appropriate to the narrower definition of government as the power to punish. It is punishment, which is administered with justice, and a government, which is successful in balancing aversive consequences, is said to "maximize justice." Our practical support of such a government is probably not due to any such principle, however, but rather to the fact that a just government, in comparison with other governments, is more likely to reinforce the behavior of supporting it.
Another principle commonly appealed to a freedom. That government is said to be best which governs least. The freedom, which is, maximized by a good government is not, however, the freedom, which is at issue in a science of behavior. Under a government, which controls through positive reinforcement the citizen feels free, though he is no less controlled. Freedom from government is freedom from aversive consequences. We choose a form of government, which maximizes freedom for a very simple reason: aversive events are aversive. A government, which makes the least use of its power to punish, is most likely to reinforce our behavior in supporting it.
Another principle currently in fashion is security. Security against aversive governmental control raises the same issue as freedom. So does security from wants, which means security from aversive events which are not specifically arranged by the governing agency - from hunger, cold, or hardship in general, particularly in illness or old age. A government increases security by arranging an environment in which many common aversive consequences do not occur, in which positive Consequences are easily achieved, and in which extreme states of deprivation are avoided. Such a government naturally reinforces the behavior of supporting it.
The "right" of a ruler was an ancient device for explaining his power to rule. "Human rights" such as justice, freedom and security are devices for explaining the counter-control exercised by the governed. A man has his rights in the sense that the governing agency is restricted in its power to control him. He asserts these rights along with other citizens when he resists control. "Human rights" are ways of representing certain effects of governing practices - effects which are in general positively reinforcing and which we therefore call good. To "justify" a government in such terms is simply an indirect way of pointing to the effect of the government in reinforcing the behavior of the supporting group.
It is commonly believed that justice, freedom, security, and so on refer to certain more remote’ consequences in terms of which a form of government may be evaluated. We shall return to this point in section VI, where we shall see that an additional principle is needed to explain why these principles are chosen as a basis for evaluation. [br] The purpose of the so-called ’human rights ’concept, which is guaranteed and reinforced by government, is based upon the belief that ______.
选项
A、citizens pledge for it
B、government can exercise its power to control positively
C、any government’s powers would be exercised under citizens’ supervision
D、people should rule directly without any interference from government agencies
答案
B
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.tihaiku.com/zcyy/4046659.html
相关试题推荐
Ratherthanallowingthegovernmenttocontrolinvestments,truepower,shouldb
Thegovernmenthasprovidedthecapitallibrarywithheavy______tokeepitone
Governmenthastraditionallybeenevaluatedintermsoftheireffectsinprom
Eversincethisgovernment’stermbegan,theattitudetoteachershasbeeno
Eversincethisgovernment’stermbegan,theattitudetoteachershasbeeno
Althougheconomistshavetraditionallyconsideredthedistricttobesolelyana
TheBritishgovernmenthasdecidedtowipeouttheobesityepidemicthrough
TheBritishgovernmenthasdecidedtowipeouttheobesityepidemicthrough
Democraticgovernmentisaphrasethatisnotoriouslyhardto______.A、creditB、d
Sometimes______mattersmayresultinsurprisinglylargeeffects.A、predictableB、
随机试题
TheSt.LawrenceSeawayallowslargeshipstosailfromtheAtlanticOcean______
Donald:Let’seatout,shallwe?Debra:【D5】______I’vegonethroughmypaycheck
Modernindustrialsocietygrantslittlestatustooldpeople.Infact,such
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceconcerninghealthisimportantbecause______.[b
为防止沥青老化影响试验结果,沥青试样在灌模过程中,若试样冷却,不得重复加热。
男婴,生后7天,出生时有窒息史,突然出现高热、腹胀、暗红色稀便。查体:精神差,腹
外汇市场上一国货币与他国货币相互交换的比率是()。A.国际收支 B.汇率
A.22℃B.(4±2)℃C.37℃D.56℃E.4℃红细胞温抗体最活跃的温度是
2017年末,全国收费公路里程16.37万公里,约占公路总里程的3.43%。其中
根据《行政处罚法》、《行政许可法》、《行政强制法》及《税收征收管理法》等法律及行
最新回复
(
0
)