The expectation that science is a stable body of relatively objective knowle

游客2025-02-19 42

问题 The expectation that science is a stable body of relatively objective knowledge on which the law can draw to settle legal controversies may seem benign. However, this expectation often corresponds to a romantic notion of the scientific enterprise and thereby eclipses not only the instabilities and controversies within science itself, but also the social and rhetorical aspects of even the best science. We see the idealization of science in law whenever there is a presumption that if two scientific experts disagree, one of them must be a “junk scientist”， This presumption ignores the theoretical presuppositions and limitations of data that lead to genuine scientific disputes. We also see the idealization of science in law whenever we associate “bias, interest, and motivation” with unreliable expertise. This association missed the practical advances made by scientists who have strong theoretical biases, institutional interests, and financial motivations. Finally, we see the idealization of science in law whenever a legislator, administrator, or judge demands certainty from science, not recognizing its probabilistic nature and dynamic history. It is neither a critique of scientific progress nor an exaggeration to acknowledge scientific debates, the conventional aspects of scientific methodology, the importance of networking and “social capital” with respect to publications and grants, and the persuasive elements in scientific discourse. To think that these features are somehow markers of bad science is to idealize science. [br] The author suggests that which of the following can lead to the dismissal of a scientific expert as a junk scientist?

选项 A、An expert misrepresents the conclusiveness of the data presented in support of a particular claim.
B、An expert is asked to testify in a dispute that most nonscientists find overly technical.
C、An expert is asked to testify in a dispute involving questions that arguably lie outside the realm of scientific knowledge.
D、There is a general belief that sound science resolves contradictions in favor of a single valid conclusion.
E、There is a general view that most scientists often manipulate evidence to achieve a desired outcome.

答案 D

解析根据junk scientist定位到三四两句。这道题考查的是什么原因会导致一位科学家被误认为是垃圾科学家，答案应该是科学没争议，因此选项D正确，“得出一个单一有效的结论”即表明科学没争议。

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