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[Narrator] Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. The professor is talking about bacteria.
[Professor]
    Bacteria is the common name for a very large group of one-celled microscopic organisms that, we
believe, may be the smallest, simplest, and perhaps even the very first forms of cellular life that evolved
on Earth. Because they’re so small, bacteria must be measured in microns, with one micron measuring
about 0.00004 inches long. Most bacteria range from about 0.1 microns to about 4 microns wide and
about 0.2 microns to almost 50 microns long. So how can we observe them? I’ll give you one guess.
Under the microscope, of course. As I said, bacteria are very primitive and simple. In fact, they’re unicellular,  Q25
which means that they’re made up of a single cell. We think they probably evolved about three
and a half billion years ago. Some of the oldest fossils are bacterial organisms. They’ve been found
almost everywhere on Earth, including all the continents, seas, and fresh water habitats, and in the tissues
of both plants and animals.
    Well, since they’re so prevalent, you might ask, how do they reproduce? Okay, they grow in  Q25
Colonies and can reproduce, quite rapidly, in fact, by a process called fission. In fission, the cell, and
remember, there’s only one in bacteria, one cell. So the cell increases in size and then splits in two
parts. Fission is also referred to in your text as asexual budding. Now you’ll also read about conjugation,
and that’s when two separate bacteria exchange pieces of DNA, so there are two ways that reproduction
can occur, but we think that fission is more common.
    Okay. Bacteria were virtually unknown until about 1600 when microscopes were introduced, and at
that time, bacteria were observed and classified into three main types according to their shapes, and
that classification hasn’t really changed that much over the years. So that’s what I want to talk about  Q23
today—the main types of bacteria. The slides that I’m going to show you are enlargements of bacteria
that I observed under the microscope in the lab earlier today. Now, this first slide is an example of bacilli.
    The bacilli are a group of bacteria that occur in the soil and air. As you can see, they’re shaped like
rods, and if you were to see them in motion, they’d be rolling or tumbling under the microscope. Of
course, you can’t see that because this is a still visual, but later, when you go into the lab, you’ll see that
rolling motion in examples of bacilli. These are kind of a greenish blue, but some are yellow. So don’t try
to identify them by their color. Look at the shape. These bacilli are largely responsible for food spoilage.
    Okay, the next slide is a very different shape of bacteria. Its referred to as the cocci group, and it  Q24
tends to grow in clusters or chains, like this example. This specimen is one of the common streptococci
bacteria that cause strep throat.
    Finally, let’s look at the spiral-shaped bacteria called the spirilla.
    This is the spirilla. They look a little like corkscrews, and they’re responsible for a number of diseases
in humans. But I don’t want you to get the wrong idea. It’s true that some species of bacteria do
cause diseases, but for the most part, bacteria are benign.
    There’s a lot of bacteria in this room in fact. We all have it on us. They live harmlessly on the skin,
in the mouth, and in the intestines. In fact, bacteria are very helpful to researchers because bacterial  Q26
cells resemble the cells of other life forms in many ways. and may be studied to give us insights. For
example, we have a major research project in genetics here at the university. Since bacteria reproduce
very rapidly, we’re using them to determine how certain characteristics are inherited.
    Okay, now, let me review these three types with you... cocci are spheres, bacilli are rods, and spirilli
are spirals. One of my students came up with a way to remember them. Just try to visualize the first  Q27
letter in the name of each of the different types: Cocci starts with C like the shape of half a sphere. Bacilli
starts with a Straight line on the B, and a rod is straight. Spirilla starts with S. and that’s a spiral shape.
If it helps you, use it.
    In any case, although I want you to know the three major classifications, within these basic groups
there are virtually hundreds of variations that make them somewhat more difficult to identify and classify
than the rather straightforward specimens that I showed you a minute ago. Because, you see, bacteria  Q28
can join in chains, clusters, pairs. And sometimes, more than one type of bacteria may be found
together in a specimen. I think you get the picture.
    Okay then, in addition to identifying bacteria by their shape, which we now know isn’t really a very
good method for distinguishing them easily, if we really want to identify what type of bacteria we’re dealing
with, it’s better to study the biochemistry or genetic structure of the specimen. They have one chromosome
of double-stranded DNA in a ring, which we can analyze fairly easily.