首页
登录
职称英语
When most labor was agricultural, people generally toiled in the fields unti
When most labor was agricultural, people generally toiled in the fields unti
游客
2024-09-27
49
管理
问题
When most labor was agricultural, people generally toiled in the fields until they dropped. The idea of formal retirement did not become feasible until work moved from farms to factories. In 1889 Otto von Bismarck famously introduced the world’s first pension scheme in Germany. In the 20th century, when universal suffrage became widespread, a period of retirement after work was seen as a mark of a civilized social democracy.
After the second world war pension provision increased markedly, but the number of elderly people was still quite small. In the 1970s and 1980s caring for them seemed easily affordable. Many countries even reduced their retirement ages.
The demographic picture looks different now that the baby-boomers are starting to retire. Europe and Japan are facing the biggest problems. The average dependency ratio in the European Union is already down to 3.5, and is heading for 1. 8 by 2050. Japan is on track for a startling 1.2. Since the average pensioner currently draws a total of about 60% of median earnings, from government and private sources, the system is likely to become unaffordable.
There are ways of reducing the burden. The current generation of workers could save more now. If they put more money into funded pension schemes, the extra saving might encourage more investment and thus boost economic growth. A wealthier society would find it easier to afford paying pensions. Countries with PAYG schemes could raise taxes now, reducing the deficit and thus the debt burden on the younger generations.
But more savings or higher taxation now would require those currently at work to defer consumption. They may not be willing to do so. And given the weakness of developed economies in the wake of the financial crisis, governments may not want to see consumption go down in the immediate future.
In the OECD public spending on pensions benefits has been growing faster than national output, rising from 6. 1% of GDP in 1990 to 7% in 2007. It is forecast to reach 11.4% of GDP by 2050. Those forecasts already take into account the planned rise in retirement ages and a likely drop in replacement ratios and thus assume that voters will approve of pension reform even as the baby-boomers become a potentially powerful voting block of retired people.
But that assumption may not be safe. Turnout in elections tends to be higher among the elderly than among the young. As Neil Howe and Richard Jackson of the Centre for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, DC, have written: " In the 2020s young people in developed countries will have the future on their side. Elders will have the votes on theirs. [br] Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
选项
A、The dependency ration in Japan is the lowest.
B、Pension used to be more than sufficient.
C、Governments pay for pension of the retired.
D、The pension system is likely to break down.
答案
B
解析
推断题。按照试题顺序浏览第二段。该段第二句和第三句表明二十世纪七、八十年代,养老金非常充裕,故[B]为答案。[A]是针对第三段第三句和第四句设置的干扰项,文中只提到了欧盟的整体数据和日本的数据,由此无法得[A]项结论;第三段第五句指出养老金的来源是政府和个人均承担一部分,[C]与原文不符;此外,这里虽然提到“养老体制很可能将承担不起”,但未提及结果如何,[D]为过度推断。
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.tihaiku.com/zcyy/3776992.html
相关试题推荐
Howmanypeoplehaveheldadomonstration?[br][originaltext]About1,000su
Thestorewas_________peopleshoppingforhouseholdwares.A、occupiedbyB、seiz
Whenmostlaborwasagricultural,peoplegenerallytoiledinthefieldsunti
American’scitydwellersareamobilepeople.Thedecennialcensusesprovid
American’scitydwellersareamobilepeople.Thedecennialcensusesprovid
Whydopeopleleavehometotravelaccordingtothepassage?[br][originaltext
Whydopeopleleavehometotravelaccordingtothepassage?[br][originaltext
Whydopeopleleavehometotravelaccordingtothepassage?[originaltext]
HowdoestheTelephoneReassuranceServiceofferhelptopeopleinneed?[br][
HowdoestheTelephoneReassuranceServiceofferhelptopeopleinneed?[br][
随机试题
[originaltext]W:Isthelibraryopeneveryday?M:Exceptonweekends.Itisope
消防控制室不能远程手动启停风机的原因为多线控制盘未解锁处于“手动禁止”状态,则维
钢筋混凝土过梁的支承长度不宜小于( )mm。A.120 B.180 C.2
A
下列哪项是胃阴虚证临床特征A.胃脘灼痛,消谷善饥 B.胃脘隐痛,食欲不振 C
Thechangeinthatvillagewasmiraculou
A. B. C. D.
A.质量为2m的滑块受到重力、绳的张力、沿斜面的下滑力和斜面的支持力的作用 B
图1中,教师的做法违背的是()。 A、教育公平 B、因材施教 C、因势利导
炸药的组分配比要求零氧平衡的原因是为()。A.保证炸药稳定性实现运输和使用安全
最新回复
(
0
)