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  3. [img]2016m3x/ct_eyyjsbz2014j_eyyjsbreadd_0360_20163[/img] It’s not easy to u

[img]2016m3x/ct_eyyjsbz2014j_eyyjsbreadd_0360_20163[/img] It’s not easy to u

游客2024-08-10  55
问题
    It’s not easy to understand why people become referees. From American football to baseball, from ice hockey to polo, referees have been shouted at, sworn at, spat at, pushed, punched and kicked. They have had their eyesight questioned, and their dressing room damaged. Certainly, nobody becomes a referee to win a popularity contest.
    And yet most of them continue to tolerate the abuse along with their small financial reward, and give up their spare time entirely for the love of the game. To get to the top as a football referee-and qualify for an allowance of around ￡ 300 for each premiership match-takes at least 15 years.
    It’s not an easy job to excel at. Referees have to take written and oral examinations and they also have to pass stringent eyesight and colour tests. Their performance and fitness are constantly monitored. Because it takes so long to rise through the ranks most of the top referees are in their forties, but they will run between 10 km and 15 km in the course of a 90-minute match, much of it backwards.
    Cricket umpires don’t require the fitness of football or rugby arbiters, but their task is no less arduous. They have to stand for hours in blazing sunshine, and make instant decisions on something that happens 20 meters away as a consequence of a ball hurled at 145 km an hour. It requires an experienced eye to achieve that.
    Tennis umpires face similar problems, although they have the advantage of being able to carry out their duties while they are seated. Furthermore, at the top level, they now have the help of modern technology in the form of "Cyclops" , the electronic eye on the service line.
    Unlike cricket umpires, tennis umpires also have to keep the score and run several stopwatches simultaneously. There are now limits for the length of time between games, points, first and second services, and for injury assessment and treatment. In addition, they have to adjudicate for " racket abuse" and issue periodic warnings against the use of mobile phones or flash photography by spectators. Their only reward is a brief handshake at the end of the match.
    All sports present certain problems for the referees. The rules of American football run to 250 pages and this is the only sport where referees use microphones to explain their decisions to the crowd. Water polo referees suffer a particular disadvantage in that they stand beside the pool, though 75 percent of fouls are committed under the water.
    Bowl referees have to ensure that none of the players are wearing jeans. The use of talcum powder on the soles of shoes, to facilitate a smooth slide of the foot when releasing the ball, is also forbidden.
    Referees of physical sports, especially rugby, boxing and ice hockey, must be brave. A boxing referee has to protest the losing fighter from further punishment and be prepared to throw himself into the fight. Consider too, the Sumo Wrestling judges who must get close enough to recognize a legitimate hole and be quick enough not to get crushed underneath a 300 kg man mountain.
    Refereeing is a dirt and sometimes dangerous job. Referees and umpires will never be loved. As football manager Ron Atkinson said after his team was knocked out of a European Cup tie in controversial circumstances: " I never comment on referees and I’m not going to break the habit of a lifetime for that twerp. "
Questions 71 -75: Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.
People who want to become referees must be prepared to face verbal or even physical abuse in the course of their work. They must also accept that the【R1】______ they receive will be fairly small. In order to be a qualified referee, applicants have to take various exams and pass stringent【R2】______tests. Both the cricket and tennis umpires face the similar challenges, which are really strenuous. Meanwhile, the tennis umpire may have to warn repeatedly【R3】______about their behaviour. It’s especially difficult for the water polo referee to see when the【R4】______are broken. Refereeing is both an arduous and dangerous job. Referees of【R5】______like boxing or the Sumo wrestling might get injured by the contestants in the process of competition. [br] 【R4】
选项
答案 rules
解析 (倒数第四段第三句指出“Water polo referees…stand beside the pool，though 75 percent offouls are committed under the water”，可知水球裁判是站在岸边工作的，而75％的犯规都发生在水中。关键词foul此处指“犯规”。因此该空填rules。break the rules即“犯规”。)
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