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Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship

游客2024-06-06  25
问题     Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computer’s progress in the ability to learn from experience.
    Because the game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the computer. All a programmer has to do is to give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40 000 moves a second. That is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chess-- literally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory it could be, given enough people and enough time), there is no computer capable of holding that much data.
    Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own program, to deal with a relatively unstructured situation —in a word, to "think" for itself. In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carry them through the early, mechanical stages of their chess games. But they have gone on from there to reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game.
    There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted, winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event even when a computer does it. But there are many serious human problems, which can be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Other problems --international and interpersonal relations, ecology and economics, and the ever-increasing threat of world famine can perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers. [br] In order to "think", computer should ______.
选项 A、be programmed to have more than enough data
B、learn from the experience and to reason
C、deal with all the unstructured situation
D、predicate every move in the chess
答案 B
解析 文章第三段第一句话“There fore，if the computer is to compete at championship levels，it must be programmed to function with less than complete data．”这句话的意思是说计算机如果要达到冠军水平，它运行起来也不会有完全的数据。因此，选项A是错误的，因为它强调计算机要思考的话，需要足够多的资料。文章中第三段的第二句话“It must be able to learn from experience，to modify its own program，to deal with a relatively unstructured situation—in a word，to‘think’for itself.”阐述了计算机的“思考”其实就是从经验当中得到学习，修正自己的程序，以及处理相对不规则情况的能力。因此B  learn from the experience and reason，从经验中学习并且有推理能力符合上述有关思考的定义。而C中则因为structure 这个单词，就可以判定不是正确答案。在第二段中第一第二句话“All a programmer has to do is give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move，and the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach； in practice it is impossible”说明了要预测棋子的每一步移动在现实生活中是不可能的，因而选D是错误的，所以这一题选B。
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