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  3. The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientis

The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientis

游客2024-04-03  68
问题     The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes studying the drives that spur us out of bed in the morning, compel us to work or study hard and spark all manner of human endeavors. Indeed, a 1992 textbook actually documents 32 distinct theories of human motivation.
    Given this diversity of thought, it’s easy to forget that for half a century, American society has been dominated by the psychological school known as behaviorism, or Skinnerian psychology. Although behaviorism and its fundamental principle of "positive reinforcement" have long since lost their sway in academic circles, the Skinnerian legacy remains powerful in every realm of daily life, from the home and classroom to the workplace. Don’t want to take the trash out? Do it, and you can go to the movies Friday night. Not in the mood for work? Keep plugging away, and you might get a bonus. Not interested in calculus? Strive for an A in the class, and you’ll make the honor roll. The theory may be bankrupt, but incentives and rewards are so much a part of American culture that it’s hard to imagine life without them.
    Yet that’s exactly what a growing group of researchers are advocating today. A steady stream of research has found that rather than encouraging motivation and productivity, rewards actually can undermine genuine interest and diminish performance. "Our society is caught in a whopping paradox," asserts Alfie Kohn, author of the new book Punished by Rewards(Houghton Mifflin), which surveys recent research on the effectiveness of rewards. "We complain loudly about declining productivity, the crisis of our school and the distorted values of our children. But the very strategy we use to solve those problems—dangling rewards like incentive plans and grade and candy bars in front of people—is partly responsible for the fix we’re in."
    It’s tough argument to make in a culture that celebrates the spoils of success. Yet study after study shows that people tend to perform worse, to give up more easily and to lose interest more quickly when a reward is involved. Children who are given treats for doing artwork, for example, lose their initial love of art within weeks. Teenagers who are promised a reward for tutoring youngsters don’t teach as enthusiastically as tutors offered nothing. And chief executive officers who have been awarded long-term incentive plans have often steered their companies toward lower returns. [br] According to behaviorism, all human actions _____.
选项 A、are based on stimulus and response
B、have no bearing on human drives
C、are supposed to be highly motivated
D、are of a great mystery
答案 A
解析 第2段第2句提到行为主义的根本理论是正面性强化理论，随后举例说明要对人的行为进行刺激，A是正确的。根据第2段首句的this diversity of thought(即第1段末提到的theories of human motivation)，it’s easy to forget…可知“动机理论”与下文讲到的行为主义的正面性强化理论是不一样的理论，故C不正确。
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