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  3. It was once assumed that all living things could be divided into two fundame

It was once assumed that all living things could be divided into two fundame

游客2024-01-13  56
问题     It was once assumed that all living things could be divided into two fundamental and exhaustive categories. Multicellular plants and animals, as well as many unicellular organisms, are eukary-otic—their large, complex cells have a well-formed nucleus and many organelles. On the other hand, the true bacteria are prokaryotic cell, which are simple and lack a nucleus. The distinction between eukaryotes and bacteria, initially defined in terms of subcellular structures visible with a microscope, was ultimately carried to the molecular level. Here prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many features in common. For instance, they translate genetic information into proteins according to the same type of genetic coding. But even where the molecular processes are the same, the details in the two forms are different and characteristic of the respective forms. For example, the amino acid sequences of various enzymes tend to be typically prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The differences between the groups and the similarities within each group made it seem certain to most biologists that the tree of life had only two stems. Moreover, arguments pointing out the extent of both structural and functional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria convinced many biologists that the precursors of the eukaryotes must have diverged from the common ancestor before the bacteria arose.
    Although much of this picture has been sustained by more recent research, it seems fundamentally wrong in one re- spect. Among the bacteria, there are organisms that are significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes and from the true bacteria, and it now appears that there are three stems in the tree of life. New techniques for determining the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the degree to which organisms are related, the time since they diverged from a common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes. These techniques have strongly suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a large co- herent group, certain other bacteria, the archaebacteria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the com- mon ancestor of all true bacteria. [br] The passage is primarily concerned with
选项 A、detailing the evidence that has led most biologists to replace the tri-chotomous picture of living organisms with a dichotomous one.
B、outlining the factors that have contributed to the current hypothesis concerning the number of basic categories of living organisms.
C、evaluating experiments that have resulted in proof that the prokaryotes are more ancient than had been expected.
D、summarizing the differences in structure and function found among true bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes.
E、formulating a hypothesis about the mechanisms of evolution that resulted in the ancestors of the prokaryotes.
答案 B
解析 主题题型：A．说反了，现在生物学家应更趋向三分法。B．正确。给出几个关于当今对基本生物类型划分数目的看法的因素。符合原文叙述，即关于三分法的一些描述。C．评价实验。D．总结差异。E．表达一假说(关于进化机制)。均不是原文主要内容。
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