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  3. In 1971 researchers hoping to predict earthquakes in the short term by identifyi

In 1971 researchers hoping to predict earthquakes in the short term by identifyi

游客2024-01-12  30
问题 In 1971 researchers hoping to predict earthquakes in the short term by identifying precursory phenomena (those that occur a few days before large quakes but not otherwise) turned their attention to changes in seismic waves that had been detected prior to earthquakes. An explanation for such changes was offered by "dilatancy theory," based on a well-known phenomenon observed in rocks in the laboratory: as stress builds, microfractures in rock close, decreasing the rock’s volume. But as stress continues to increase, the rock begins to crack and expand in volume, allowing groundwater to seep in, weakening the rock. According to this theory, such effects could lead to several precursory phenomena in the field, including a change in the velocity of seismic waves, and an increase in small, nearby tremors.
Researchers initially reported success in identifying these possible precursors, but subsequent analyses of their data proved disheartening. Seismic waves with unusual velocities were recorded before some earthquakes, but while the historical record confirms that most large earthquakes are preceded by minor tremors, these foreshocks indicate nothing about the magnitude of an impending quake and are indistinguishable from other minor tremors that occur without large earthquakes.
In the 1980s, some researchers turned their efforts from short-term to long-term prediction. Noting that earthquakes tend to occur repeatedly in certain regions, Lindh and Baker attempted to identify patterns of recurrence, or earthquake cycles, on which to base predictions. In a study of earthquake-prone sites along the San Andreas Fault, they determined that quakes occurred at intervals of approximately 22 years near one site and concluded that there was a 95 percent probability of an earthquake in that area by 1992. The earthquake did not occur within the time frame predicted, however.
Evidence against the kind of regular earthquake cycles that Lindh and Baker tried to establish has come from a relatively new field, paleoseismology. Paleoseismologists have unearthed and dated geological features such as fault scarps that were caused by earthquakes thousands of years ago. They have determined that the average interval between ten earthquakes that took place at one site along the San Andreas Fault in the past two millennia was 132 years, but individual intervals ranged greatly, from 44 to 332 years. [br] The passage suggests which of the following about the paleoseismologists’ findings described in lines 42-50?
选项 A、They suggest that the frequency with which earthquakes occurred at a particular site decreased significantly over the past two millennia.
B、They suggest that paleoseismologists may someday be able to make reasonably accurate long-term earthquake predictions.
C、They suggest that researchers may someday be able to determine which past occurrences of minor tremors were actually followed by large earthquakes.
D、They suggest that the recurrence of earthquakes in earthquake-prone sites is too irregular to serve as a basis for earthquake prediction.
E、They indicate that researchers attempting to develop long-term methods of earthquake prediction have overlooked important evidence concerning the causes of earthquakes.
答案 D
解析 Inference
This question asks about what can be inferred from a particular portion of the passage (lines 42-50). The third paragraph describes research that attempted to identify regular patterns of recurrence in earthquake-prone regions, to aid in long-term earthquake prediction. The fourth paragraph describes evidence discovered by paleoseismologists that undermines this idea that regular earthquake cycles exist. The paragraph indicates that in one region along the San Andreas Fault, the average interval between earthquakes was 132 years, but individual intervals varied widely—from 44 to 332 years. This information implies that earthquake intervals are too irregular to be used for accurate long-term earthquake prediction.
A The evidence suggests that the earthquake intervals are irregular, not that they have become shorter over time.
B The findings provide evidence against the use of regular earthquake cycles in long-term earthquake prediction.
C The findings do not clearly pertain to minor tremors.
D Correct. The great variation in intervals between earthquakes suggests that recurrence is too irregular to serve as the basis for long-term earthquake prediction.
E The paleoseismologists studied evidence showing when earthquakes occurred. The passage does not suggest that the evidence has any implications regarding the causes of earthquakes.
The correct answer is D.
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