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  3. Most recent work on the history of leisure in Europe has been based on the centr

Most recent work on the history of leisure in Europe has been based on the centr

游客2024-01-11  69
问题 Most recent work on the history of leisure in Europe has been based on the central hypothesis of a fundamental discontinuity between preindustrial and industrial societies. According to this view, the modern idea of leisure did not exist in medieval and early modern Europe: the modern distinction between the categories of work and leisure was a product of industrial capitalism. Preindustrial societies had festivals(together with informal and irregular breaks from work), while industrial societies have leisure in the form of weekends and vacations. The emergence of leisure is therefore part of the process of modernization. If this theory is correct, there is what Michel Foucault called a conceptual rupture between the two periods, and so the very idea of a history of leisure before the Industrial Revolution is an anachronism.
To reject the idea that leisure has had a continuous history from the Middle Ages to the present is not to deny that late medieval and early modern Europeans engaged in many pursuits that are now commonly considered leisure or sporting activities— jousting, hunting, tennis, card playing, travel, and so on—or that Europe in this period was dominated by a privileged class that engaged in these pursuits. What is involved in the discontinuity hypothesis is the recognition that the people of the Middle Ages and early modern Europe did not regard as belonging to a common category activities(hunting and gambling, for example)that are usually classified together today under the heading of leisure. Consider fencing: today it maybe considered a "sport," but for the gentleman of the Renaissance it was an art or science. Conversely, activities that today may be considered serious, notably warfare, were often described as pastimes.
Serious pitfalls therefore confront historians of leisure who assume continuity and who work with the modern concepts of leisure and sport, projecting them back onto the past without asking about the meanings contemporaries gave to their activities. However, the discontinuity hypothesis can pose problems of its own. Historians holding this view attempt to avoid anachronism by means of a simple dichotomy, cutting European history into two eras, preindustrial and industrial, setting up the binary opposition between a "festival culture" and a "leisure culture." The dichotomy remains of use insofar as it reminds us that the rise of industrial capitalism was not purely a phenomenon of economic history, but had social and cultural preconditions and consequences. The dichotomy, however, leads to distortions when it reduces a great variety of medieval and early modern European ideas, assumptions, and practices to the simple formula implied by the phrase "festival culture." [br] According to the passage, the "simple dichotomy"(line 26)is useful primarily because it serves as
选项 A、a way of calling historians’ attention to certain facts about the Industrial Revolution
B、an antidote to the oversimplification encouraged by such terms as "festival culture"
C、a device for distinguishing between the work and the leisure activities of preindustrial Europeans
D、a way of understanding the privileged class of medieval Europe by viewing its activities in modern terms
E、a tool for separating social history, including the history of leisure, from economic history
答案 A
解析 "Simple dichotomy" is mentioned in line 26. The passage states that this dichotomy "remains of use insofar as it reminds us that the rise of industrial capitalism"(lines 28-29)was not just an economic phenomenon, but also a social and a cultural phenomenon. This points to Choice A as correct.
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