首页
登录
职称英语
THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION1 Sleep restores the body and
THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION1 Sleep restores the body and
游客
2024-01-04
8
管理
问题
THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION
1 Sleep restores the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune system. However, many adults do not get the recommended eight hours of sleep each night. The average adult today gets only 6.4 hours of sleep, nearly an hour and a half less than what the average person received a century ago.
Only in recent years have health professionals begun to realize the prevalence and severity of sleep deprivation in the working population.
A significant number of people work at night, work long shifts, or suffer from insomnia or jet lag. Others are
deprived of
sleep because they work too hard, stay out too late, or try to do too many things in a day. Adults who regularly sleep six hours or less might think they accomplish more by staying up late, but they pay for it the next day when they feel sleepy or irritable or are unable to concentrate, remember things, or be very effective at their work.
2 Studies show that the brain is
adversely
affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally. In one study, thirteen healthy adult subjects who usually had normal sleep patterns were kept awake and carefully monitored in a hospital sleep laboratory during a period of 35 hours. During the experiment, the subjects were asked to perform several cognitive tasks, such as arithmetic and word problems, while undergoing magnetic resonance scans of their brain activity. The scans recorded each subject’s brain activity from a rested state through various stages of sleep deprivation over the 35-hour period. The scans produced images showing increased activity in some regions of the brain and decreased activity in
others
. The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in sleep deprived subjects. When subjects were fully rested, their magnetic resonance scans showed that the temporal lobe was very active. However, after several hours without sleep, there was no activity within this region. The effects of the inactivity included slurred speech in the subjects who had gone for prolonged periods with no sleep.
3 Several studies show that getting fewer than six hours of sleep a night can impair short-term memory, coordination, reaction time, and judgment-thus posing a serious risk of accident or injury. In one study of drivers, researchers reported that sleep deprivation had some of the same hazardous effects as being drunk. They found that people who drove after being awake for 17 to 19 hours performed worse than those with a
blood alcohol level
of .05 percent, the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries. The study also found that 16 to 60 percent of road accidents involved sleep deprivation. The researchers concluded that countries with drunk driving laws should consider similar restrictions against sleep-deprived driving.
4 There are other problems associated with sleep deprivation beyond impaired motor skills and judgment. Drivers who get too little sleep may have higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression, may take unnecessary risks, or may express rage toward other drivers. These dangers affect not only drivers but also people who work long shifts or night shifts, such as medical personnel and other emergency workers. The dangers of sleep deprivation go far beyond the obvious risks and can, in fact, undermine all areas of an individual’s physical and mental health.
5 Sleep deprivation weakens the immune system, making an individual more prone to diseases such as the common cold and diabetes. Without sleep, the number of disease-fighting white blood cells within the body decreases, as does the activity of the remaining white blood cells. Sleep deprivation has been linked to a decrease in the body’s production of hormones such as insulin. Results of a recent study suggested that healthy young adults who regularly got under 6.5 hours of sleep a night had greater insulin resistance than people who got 7.5 to 8.5 hours of sleep. Insulin resistance is a silent condition in which the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin that is present. Thus, the muscle and liver cells cannot metabolize the sugar called glucose. As a result, glucose builds up in the bloodstream,
setting the stage
for diabetes and heart disease.
Glcssary:
insomnia: the inability to fall asleep or remain asleep
jet lag: the disruption of bodily rhythms caused by high-speed travel across time zones
cognitive: relating to mental processes [br] Look at the four squares A,B,C and D , which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?
Drivers are especially at risk, and fatigue caused by sleep deprivation causes thousands of traffic accidents every year.
A Several studies show that getting less than six hours of sleep a night can impair short- term memory, coordination, reaction time, and judgment-thus posing a serious risk of accident or injury. B In one study of drivers, researchers reported that sleep deprivation had some of the same hazardous effects as being drunk. C They found that people who drove after being awake for 17 to 19 hours performed worse than those with a blood alcohol level of .05 percent, the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries. The study also found that 16 to 60 percent of road accidents involved sleep deprivation. The researchers concluded that countries with drunk driving laws should consider similar restrictions against sleep-deprived driving.D
选项
A、Square A.
B、Square B.
C、Square C.
D、Square D.
答案
B
解析
The added sentence introduces the topic of drivers, which the next sentence develops by discussing a study of drivers. (1.8)
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.tihaiku.com/zcyy/3333300.html
相关试题推荐
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.Effectsofurban
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.Effectsofurban
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.Effectsofurban
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.Effectsofurban
ImpactofUrbanizationTheeffectsofurbanization:Example:intheU.S.only【L3
ImpactofUrbanizationTheeffectsofurbanization:Example:intheU.S.only【L3
ImpactofUrbanizationTheeffectsofurbanization:Example:intheU.S.only【L3
ImpactofUrbanizationTheeffectsofurbanization:Example:intheU.S.only【L3
ImpactofUrbanizationTheeffectsofurbanization:Example:intheU.S.only【L3
ImpactofUrbanizationTheeffectsofurbanization:Example:intheU.S.only【L3
随机试题
三、教学语言技能 (一)教学语言技能的含义 教师在课堂上
项目经理对某软件开发流程中的“概要设计”活动进行历时估算时,参考了以往相关项目活
治疗原发性高血压的药物中属于钙离子通道阻滞剂的是A.呋塞米 B.阿替洛尔 C
2020年,北京客运总量的同比减少量约占全国中心城市客运总量同比减少量的
根据《机电产品国际招标投标实施办法》中的相关规定,下列不可推荐人选国家级专家库的
可转换证券的价值有()。A:投资价值B:理论价值C:转换价值D:市场价值
我国证券交易所规定的会员必须承担的义务包括()。 A.遵守国家的有关法律法规
某工程项目的进度计划如下列双代号时标网络图所示,当工程进行到第4周末和第10周末
(2016年真题)根据《房屋建筑与装饰工程工程量计算规范》(GB50854-20
下列选项中哪种厚度的不锈钢板属于薄板()。A.6mm B.5mm C.5.
最新回复
(
0
)