首页
登录
职称英语
GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY 1 The Greek word "systema" means union,
GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY 1 The Greek word "systema" means union,
游客
2024-01-04
9
管理
问题
GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY
1 The Greek word "systema" means union, and scientists use the word "system" to describe a collection of several components that are linked to one another by functional relationships. Everything outside the system is known as the surroundings. Most scientific literature is a description of the components of a system, their relationships with one another, and their relationships with other systems. Although each science has its own systems with their own subject matter and networks of relationships, the formal characteristics of systems are similar for all sciences. The scientific discipline called general systems theory formulates principles that are valid for systems in general, no matter the elements involved and the relations or forces among them.
2 Systems can be divided into two types: closed systems and open systems. A closed system receives no supply of energy from outside and transfers no energy outwards. An open system receives energy from its surroundings and transfers it out again.
3 A closed system is isolated fiom its surroundings. The energy supply of a closed system is limited and is progressively used up by the processes operating within the system. The ability of the system to function decreases as the available energy is exhausted. Without any additional energy supplied from the outside, the system’s processes stop altogether and no further change is possible in the system. A mill wheel supplied with water from a non-refillable container is a closed system. Once the container of water is empty, the wheel no longer turns because there is no water to turn it. In a truly closed system, the water would have to be collected below the mill wheel in a second container to ensure that the system did not supply any energy to the outside.
4 Some scientists argue that there are few truly closed systems in nature, and many define closed systems more broadly as those allowing energy but not mass to cross the system boundary. By this definition, the Earth system as a whole is a closed system. The boundary of the Earth system is the outer edge of the atmosphere, and except for the occasional meteorite, virtually no mass is exchanged between the Earth system and the rest of the universe. However, energy in the form of solar radiation passes from the sun, through the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface, which in turn radiates energy back out to space across the system boundary. Hence, energy passes across the Earth’s system boundary, but mass does not, making it a closed system.
5 In an open system, energy and mass can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. Living organisms are open systems. They absorb light energy or chemical energy in the form of organic molecules and release heat and metabolic waste products, such as carbon dioxide, to the surroundings. Generally, relationships exist between the components of a system and its surroundings, that is, other systems. Each open system is part of a larger system that receives and gives off energy. In an open system, the energy is continually resupplied from sources outside the system. In the example of the mill wheel, if the non-refillable water container is replaced by a reservoir fed continuously by a stream, it becomes an open system because the energy supply is renewed from the outside.
6 The natural environment is made up of open systems. These can behave as closed systems temporarily if the energy supply is halted for a period. If, for example, the stream to the reservoir supplying the mill dries up for a long period, the energy consumption of the mill wheel cannot be balanced by new energy supply. The water in the reservoir is used up, and if the dry period is long enough, the mill wheel stops turning. Eventually, the stream may flow again, filling the reservoir and turning the mill wheel again. This occurs because the stream-reservoir-mill system is itself a part of the Earth’s much larger systems of water circulation and water budget, which include condensation, precipitation, run-off, and evaporation. The water systems receive their energy supply from the Earth’s heat budget, which in turn receives its energy supply from the sun’s radiation. [br] The word exhausted in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
选项
A、increased
B、used
C、resupplied
D、wasted
答案
B
解析
Exhausted means used in this context. Clues: The energy supply of a closed system is limited and is progressively used up...; The ability of the system to function decreases as the available energy is exhausted. The prefix ex- = out. (1.4)
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.tihaiku.com/zcyy/3332603.html
相关试题推荐
Asurveyisastudy,generallyintheformofanintervieworaquestion
"Piaget’sCognitiveDevelopmentTheory"ThefamousSwisspsychol
"Piaget’sCognitiveDevelopmentTheory"ThefamousSwisspsychol
"Piaget’sCognitiveDevelopmentTheory"ThefamousSwisspsychol
"Piaget’sCognitiveDevelopmentTheory"ThefamousSwisspsychol
"Piaget’sCognitiveDevelopmentTheory"ThefamousSwisspsychol
"Piaget’sCognitiveDevelopmentTheory"ThefamousSwisspsychol
"Piaget’sCognitiveDevelopmentTheory"ThefamousSwisspsychol
→Mammalsandbirdsgenerallymaintainbodytemperaturewithinanarrowrange
→Mammalsandbirdsgenerallymaintainbodytemperaturewithinanarrowrange
随机试题
[originaltext]W:2millionhighschoolseniorsaregearingupthisfalltoappl
Questions27-33ReadingPassage3hassevenparagraphsA-G.Fromthelistofhea
Whichofthefollowingpresentcontinuoustensesexpressesfutureaction?A、Mike
磺胺嘧啶片的制备【处方】磺胺嘧啶50g;淀粉5.4g;10%淀粉浆,适量;干淀粉
路基路面几何尺寸检测的内容包括路基路面各部分的()。A.宽度 B.中线平面偏
颅底骨折引起的脑脊液漏,多能自愈,时间约A.2周内 B.2~3周 C.3~4
新生儿的阿普加评分是以______为依据的,每项满分为______分。
A.止痛 B.涩肠 C.固脱 D.止带 E.燥湿山茱萸除收敛外还能(
与制造资源计划(MRPⅡ)相比,企业资源计划(ERP)的优势在于()。A.更加
某大型禽肉食品加工厂有员工3200人,主要生产生鲜及冷冻食品。厂区内有厂房、锅炉
最新回复
(
0
)