首页
登录
职称英语
"Building with Arches" Round Arch and Vault Although the round arch was us
"Building with Arches" Round Arch and Vault Although the round arch was us
游客
2024-01-03
9
管理
问题
"Building with Arches"
Round Arch and Vault
Although the round arch was used by the ancient peoples of Mesopotamia several centuries before our common era, it was most fully developed by the Romans, who perfected the form in the 2nd century b.c.e. The arch has many virtues. In addition to being an attractive form, it enables the architect to open up fairly large spaces in a wall without risking the building’s structural soundness. These spaces admit light, reduce the weight of the walls, and decrease the amount of material needed. As utilized by the Romans, the arch is a perfect semicircle, although it may seem elongated if it rests on columns. It is constructed from wedge-shaped pieces of stone that meet at an angle always perpendicular to the curve of the arch. Because of tensions and compressions inherent in the form, the arch is stable only when it is complete, when the topmost stone, the keystone, has been set in place. For this reason an arch under construction must be supported from below, usually by a wooden framework.
Among the most elegant and enduring of Roman structures based on the arch is the Pont du Gard at Nimes, France, built about 15 c.e. when the empire was nearing its farthest expansion. At this time, Roman industry, commerce, and agriculture were at their peak. Engineering was applied to an ambitious system of public-works projects, not just in Italy but in the outlying areas as well. The Pont du Gard functioned as an aqueduct, a structure meant to transport water, and its lower level served as a footbridge across the river. That it stands today virtually intact after nearly two thousand years (and is crossed by cyclists on the route of the famous Tour de France bicycle race) testifies to the Romans’ brilliant engineering skills. Visually, the Pont du Gard exemplifies the best qualities of arch construction. Solid and heavy, obviously durable, it is shot through with open spaces that make it seem light and its weight-bearing capabilities effortless.
When the arch is extended in depth—when it is, in reality, many arches placed flush one behind the other—the result is called a barrel vault. This vault construction makes it possible to create large interior spaces. The Romans made great use of the barrel vault, but for its finest expression we look many hundreds of years later, to the churches of the Middle Ages.
The church of Sainte-Foy, in the French city of Conques, is an example of the style prevalent throughout Western Europe from about 1050 to 1200—a style known as Romanesque. Earlier churches had used the Roman round arch and barrel vault so as to add height to their churches. Until this period most churches had beamed wooden roofs, which not only posed a threat of fire but also limited the height to which architects could aspire. With the stone barrel vault, they could achieve the soaring, majestic space we see in the
nave
of Sainte-Foy to span the spaces between the interior columns that ultimately held up the roof. With the Romanesque style, builders set a stone barrel vault as a ceiling over the
nave
, hiding the roof structure from view. The barrel vault unified the interior visually, providing a soaring, majestic climax to the rhythms announced by the arches below.
Pointed Arch and Vault
While the round arch and vault of the Romanesque era solved many problems and made many things possible, they nevertheless had certain drawbacks. For one thing, a round arch, to be stable, must be a semicircle; therefore, the height of the arch is limited by its width. Two other difficulties were weight and darkness. Barrel vaults are both literally and visually heavy, calling for huge masses of stone to maintain their structural stability. They exert an outward thrust all along their base, which builders countered by setting them in massive walls that they dared not weaken with light-admitting openings. The Gothic period in Europe, which followed the Romanesque, solved these problems with the pointed arch. A
The pointed arch, while seemingly not very different from the round one, offers many advantages. IS Because the sides arc up to a point, weight is channeled down to the ground at a steeper angle, and therefore the arch can be taller. The vault constructed from such an arch also can be much taller than a barrel vault. C Architects of the Gothic period found they did not need heavy masses of material throughout the curve of the vault, as long as the major points of intersection were reinforced. D
Glossary
nave: the long central area in a church with aisles on each side [br] Gothic architects extended the height of their arches by
选项
A、using barrel vaults
B、designing pointed arches
C、including a nave
D、adding windows
答案
B
解析
"The pointed arch ... offers many advantages ... and ... the arch can be taller." Choice A is not correct because such an arch [pointed] can be much taller than a barrel vault. Choice C is not correct because the nave added space but not height. Choice D is not correct because windows were an additional advantage of pointed arch construction, but they did not extend the height.
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.tihaiku.com/zcyy/3329647.html
相关试题推荐
Theoriginsofnest-buildingremainobscure,butcurrentobservationof
"’BuildingwithArches"RoundArchandVault→Alth
"’BuildingwithArches"RoundArchandVault→Alth
"’BuildingwithArches"RoundArchandVault→Alth
"’BuildingwithArches"RoundArchandVault→Alth
"’BuildingwithArches"RoundArchandVault→Alth
"’BuildingwithArches"RoundArchandVault→Alth
"’BuildingwithArches"RoundArchandVault→Alth
"LifeinOurSolarSystem"Althoughwecanimaginelifeb
"LifeinOurSolarSystem"Althoughwecanimaginelifeb
随机试题
ThelargestcityinNewZealandisA、Auckland.B、Wellington.C、Christchurch.D、Du
注重对人的管理,以工作任务为中心,从而具有强烈的“任务本位”和机械主义色彩,这种
20世纪70年代世界经济格局变化是()A.美国世界经济霸主地位的丧失 B.世界
数据信号在信道中传输可能出现随机差错和应急差错。()
以个大、体重、质坚、表面光滑、断面灰绿色或黄绿色者为佳的药材是A.莪术 B.三
Thechangeinthatvillagewasmiraculou
核定企业定员的基本方法不包括( )A.按设备定员 B.按岗位定员 C.按任
大剂量静脉给药时,可能出现可逆性黄疸的抗生素是()A.磷霉素 B.利奈唑
建设工程采用依次施工组织方式的特点是()。A.能够均匀使用施工资源 B.有利
某工程施工合同规定用调值公式法对建安工程价款进行结算,某分部工程预算进度款为30
最新回复
(
0
)