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  3. Matter Look at all the things around us: ch

Matter Look at all the things around us: ch

游客2023-12-28  80
问题                                  Matter
    Look at all the things around us: chairs, desks, cupboards, papers and pens in our classroom; motor cars, bicycles and buses in the streets; trees, plants and animals in the countryside; birds, aeroplanes and clouds in the sky; fishes, seaweeds and corals in the sea; stars, the moon and the sun in outer space. These and all other things including the human body, are examples of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space and has weight.
    What Is Matter Made of ?
    Since ancient times, learned men or philosophers have thought about matter and what it is made up of. One group of philosophers thought that matter was made .up of a substance called "hyle" (实质). Another group of philosophers said that matter was made up of four substances, namely earth, water, air and fire. A third group believed that matter was made up of very tiny particles which were too small to be seen. These particles were so small that they could never be further divided into smaller particles. They gave the particles the name atoms which means "those which cannot be divided". The difference between the various kinds of atoms and the ways in which they were joined were supposed to result in the different kinds of matter.
    All these ideas arose purely from the mind and were not based on investigation. For many years, people believed in the second idea. But actually it is the third idea that is nearer to our present concept of matter.
    Dalton’s Atomic Theory
    In the early nineteenth century, Dalton, an English school teacher, stated in this atomic theory that matter was made up of tiny, indivisible particles, which he also called atoms. His laboratory work showed him that atoms could neither be divided into smaller parts nor could they be destroyed. He pictured matter as being made up of tiny solid spherical atoms. Today the idea of the atoms has been accepted. But further work has shown that contrary to Dalton’s findings, atoms are made up of even smaller particles.
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答案                                  物质
    环顾我们周围的一切东西：教室里的椅子、书桌、柜子、纸张和钢笔，大街上的汽车、自行车和公共汽车，农村里的树木、植物和动物，天空中的飞鸟、飞机和云彩，海洋中的鱼类、海藻和珊瑚，外层空间的星星、月亮和太阳，这些和所有其它东西，包括人体在内，都是物质的实例。凡是占有空间和具有重量的东西都是物质。
    物质是由什么组成的?
    自古以来，学者或哲学家都探讨过物质及物质是由什么组成的问题。一派哲学家认为，物质是由一种叫做“实质”的实物组成的。另一派哲学家说是由四种实物，即土、水、气和火组成的。第三派认为物质是由极其微小、小得看不见的粒子组成的，而且这些粒子小到再也不能分割成更小的粒子了。他们给这些粒子定名为原子，意思是“不能分割的粒子”。人们认为，不同种类的原子之间的差异，以及它们的不同组合方式，就构成了形形色色的物质。
    所有这些概念纯粹是想象的，不是以调查为根据的。很多年来，人们曾相信上述第二种概念。实际上，第三种概念更接近于现在我们对物质的认识。
    道尔顿的原子学说
    十九世纪初，一位英国教师——道尔顿，在他的原子学说中论述，物质是由极小的、不可分割的粒子组成。他也把这些微粒叫做原子。他的实验工作使他看到原子既不能被分割成更小的部分，也不能被消灭。他想象物质是由极小的实体球状原子组成。今天，原子的概念已被人们接受。但是更深入的研究已经证明，同道尔顿的发现相反，原子是由更小的粒子组成的。
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