2. 职称英语
  3. If there is any endeavor whose fruits should be freely available, that endeav

If there is any endeavor whose fruits should be freely available, that endeav

游客2023-12-26  59
问题    If there is any endeavor whose fruits should be freely available, that endeavor is surely publicly financed science. Morally, taxpayers who wish to should be able to read about it without further expense. And science advances through cross-fertilization between projects. Barriers to that exchange slow it down.
   There is a widespread feeling that the journal publishers who have mediated this exchange for the past century or more are becoming an impediment to it. One of the latest converts is the British government. Recently it announced that, the results of taxpayer-financed research would be available, free and online, for anyone to read and redistribute.
   Britain’s government is not alone. Soon the European Union followed suit. In the U.S., the National Institutes of Health (NIH, the single biggest source of civilian research funds in the world) has required open-access publishing since 2008. And the Wellcome Trust, a British foundation that is the world’s second-biggest charitable source of scientific money, after the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, also insists that those who receive its support should make their work available free.
   Criticism of journal publishers usually boils down to two things. One is that their processes take months, when the Internet could enable them to take days. The other is that because each paper is like a mini-monopoly, which workers in the field have to read if they are to advance their own research, there is no incentive to keep the price down. The publishers thus have scientists — or, more accurately, their universities, which pay the subscriptions — in an armlock. That, combined with the fact that the raw material (manuscripts of papers) is free, leads to generous returns. In 2011, Elsevier, a large Dutch publisher, made a profit of ￡768 million on revenues of ￡2.06 billion — a margin of 37 percent. Indeed, Elsevier’s profits are thought so egregious by many people that 12,000 researchers have signed up to boycott the company’s journals.
   Publishers do provide a service. They organize peer reviews, in which papers are criticized anonymously by experts (though those experts, like the authors of papers, are seldom paid for what they do). They also sort the scientific sheep from the goats, by deciding what gets published, and where. That gives the publishers huge power. Since researchers, administrators and grant-awarding bodies all take note of which work has got through this filtering mechanism, the competition to publish in the best journals is intense, and the system becomes self-reinforcing, increasing the value of those journals still further.
   But not, perhaps, for much longer. Support has been swelling for open-access scientific publishing: doing it online, in a way that allows anyone to read papers free of charge. The movement started among scientists themselves, but governments are paying attention and asking whether they might also benefit from the change.
   Much remains to be worked out. Some fear the loss of the traditional journals’ curation and verification of research. Even Sir Mark Walport, the director of the Wellcome Trust and a fierce advocate of open-access publication, worries that the newly liberated papers have ended up in different places rather than being consolidated in the way they want.
   A revolution, then, has begun. Technology permits it; researchers and politicians want it. If scientific publishers are not trembling in their boots, they should be. [br] The passage intends to______.
选项 A、argue that academic journals face a radical shake-up
B、illustrate that the publishing formalities need not to change
C、report that the publication of papers faces intense competition
D、discuss that scientific research is shifting to free access
答案 A
解析 主旨题。文章的主题往往出现在第一部分和最后一部分。本文第2段表明，英国政府宣布由公共财政资助的研究成果将在互联网公开，供民众免费阅览，第8段又强调此举势在必行。换言之，出版社有偿公布科研论文的传统模式将一去不复返。将四个选项与这一主题对比后可知，最符合题意的是A(表明学术期刊面临巨大变革)。D为强干扰项，似乎也符合题意。但仔细研究后发现，其意为“科学研究向免费转变”，而本文的主题是研究成果免费查阅，略有不同，故选A。
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