首页
登录
职称英语
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy People usually hold negati
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy People usually hold negati
游客
2023-12-19
8
管理
问题
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy
People usually hold negative opinion towards bureaucracy, but according to Max Weber, bureaucracy has live characteristics, which entail both positive and negative influences on the society.
Division of Labor
Specialized experts are employed in each position to perform specific tasks.
Positive influence: becoming highly skilled and working with 1 ______. 【1】______.
Negative influence:
Trained incapacity: workers become so specialized that they develop blind
spots and cannot notice 2 ______. 【2】______.
Serious threat to the unemployed.
Sex discrimination due to unnecessary distinctions between men and women.
Hierarchy of Authority
Each position is under supervision of a 3 【3】______.
Positive influence: bringing women advantage at lower levels of bureaucracy.
Negative influence: preventing women from being promoted to higher positions
Women are viewed more as 4 than as innovators, not aggressive enough 【4】______.
to serve in higher management posts.
Written Rules and Regulations
All the work in a bureaucracy is carried out in accordance to specific rules and regulations.
Positive influence: Ensuring 5 of every task 【5】______.
Offering employees clear job performance standards.
Creating a sense of 6 in a bureaucracy. 【6】______.
Negative influence: Leading to goal displacement, i.e. rules becoming
more important than achieving certain objective.
7 【7】______.
Duty is carried out without personal consideration of people as individuals.
Positive influence: ensuring 8 of each person 【8】______.
Negative influence: leading to cold and uncaring feelings of modern organizations
Employment Based on Technical Qualifications
Hiring is based on technical qualifications, and performance is measured against specific standards.
Positive influence: 9 can be more open and fair. 【9】______.
Loyalty to the organization can be encouraged.
Negative influence: talented people being promoted continuous till they get
to positions 10 . 【10】______. [br] 【7】
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy
When we think of the term bureaucracy, a variety of unpleasant images come to mind. In order to develop a more useful and objective definition of bureaucracy, we must turn to the writings of Max Weber. Weber viewed bureaucracy as a form of organization quite different from the family-run business. He argued that every bureaucracy--whether its purpose is to run a day care center, or army--will have five basic characteristics. In our lecture today, we’ll take a brief look at these characteristics.
The first characteristic Weber identified is division of labor. Specialized experts are employed in each position to perform specific tasks. Thus, the president of the United States need not be a good typist. A lawyer need not be able to complete an income tax form. By working at a specific task, people are more likely to be- come highly skilled and carry out a job with maximum efficiency. This emphasis on specialization is so basic a part of our lives that we may not realize that it is a recent development in western culture.
Although division of labor has certainly been beneficial in the performance of many complex bureaucracies, in some cases it can lead to trained incapacity; that is, workers become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems. Besides, specialization is especially disastrous for the person who loses a job during layoff. The third problem is that division of labor may actually contribute to sex discrimination by creating unnecessary and inappropriate distinctions between female and male employees.
The second characteristic Weber found for bureaucracy is hierarchy of authority. Bureaucracies follow the principle of hierarchy; that is, each position is under the supervision of a higher authority. Large medical groups, for example, have boards of directors, executive committees, and administrators.
Recent research suggests that bureaucracy may be a positive environment for women at the lower but not the upper echelons of the hierarchy. It is believed that many traits traditionally associated with women are conducive to participation in a bureaucratic organization. However, women may find their career progress hindered because they function more as facilitators than as innovators, and then are not viewed as aggressive enough to serve in higher management posts. Consequently, although traditional feminine values may be functional for women in the lower levels of bureaucratic structure, they appear to become disfunctional as women aspire to greater power and prestige
What will be the third feature, then? That’s written rules and regulations. Rules and regulations, as we all know, are an important characteristic of bureaucracies. Idcslly, through such procedures, a bureaucracy ensures uniform performance of every task This prohibits us from receiving an extra $20 at the bank, but also guarantees us that we will receive essentially the same treatment as other customers. If the bank provides them with special services, such as monthly statements or investment advice, it will also provide us with those services.
Through written rules and regulations, bureaucracies generally offer employees clear standards as to what is considered an adequate performance. In addition, procedures provide a valuable sense of continuity in a bureaucracy. Individual workers will come and go, but the structure and past records give the organization a life of its own that outlives the services of any one bureaucrat.
Of course, rules and regulations can over-shadow the larger goals of an organization and become disfunctional. If blindly applied, they will no longer serve as a means to achieving an objective but instea4 will become important in their own right. This would certainly be the case if a hospital emergency room physician failed to treat a seriously injured person because he or she had no valid proof of United States citizenship. Robert Merton has used the term goal displacement to refer to overzealous conformity to official regulations.
The fourth characteristic on Weber’s list is impersonality. He wrote that in a bureaucracy, work is carried out without hatred or passion. Bureaucratic norms dictate that officials perform their duties without the personal consideration of people as individuals. This is intended to guarantee equal treatment for each person; however, it also contributes to the often cold and uncaring feeling associated with modern organizations.
We typically think of big government and big business when we think of impersonal bureaucracies. Interestingly, during the most turbulent years of the 1960s, student activists bitterly protested the bureaucratic nature of the American university.
Employment based on technical qualifications is regarded as the last feature of bureaucracy. Within a bureaucracy, hiring is based on technical qualifications rather than on favoritism, and performance is measured against specific standards. This is designed to protect bureaucrats against arbitrary dismissal and to provide a measure of security. Promotions are dictated by written personnel policies, and people often have a right to appeal if they believe that particular roles have been violated. Such procedures encourage loyalty to the organization.
Unfortunately, personnel, decisions within a bureaucracy do not always follow this ideal pattern. According to the Peter principle, talented persons receive promotion after promotion until, sadly, they finally achieve positions that they cannot handle. Well, with that we’ll end today’s lecture. Today we talked about the five features of bureaucracy, namely division of labor, hierarchy of authority, written rules and regulations, impersonality, and qualification-based employment. Hope this discussion can trigger your exploration of the intricacy of bureaucracy. Thank you, and see you next time.
选项
答案
impersonality
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.tihaiku.com/zcyy/3286577.html
相关试题推荐
Stressisanormalpartoflifeandusuallycomesfromeverydayoccurrences.
Stressisanormalpartoflifeandusuallycomesfromeverydayoccurrences.
Stressisanormalpartoflifeandusuallycomesfromeverydayoccurrences.
[originaltext](1)One"badapple"canspreadnegativebehaviorlikeavirustob
[originaltext](1)One"badapple"canspreadnegativebehaviorlikeavirustob
[originaltext]W:HowmanypeopleusetheInternet?M:Closeto100millionint
[originaltext]W:HowmanypeopleusetheInternet?M:Closeto100millionint
Iamoneofthemanycitypeoplewhoarealwayssayingthatgiventhechoice
Iamoneofthemanycitypeoplewhoarealwayssayingthatgiventhechoice
Iamoneofthemanycitypeoplewhoarealwayssayingthatgiventhechoice
随机试题
酒作为一种特殊的文化载体,在人类交往中占有独特的地位。中国是酒的故乡,酒和饮酒文化在中国的历史中一直占据着重要地位。不同地区及场合的饮酒习俗和礼仪已成为中国人日
我们一得出结论就通知你。Oncewedrawtheconclusion,we’llinformyou.
WhatkindofprofessionalsdoesHighEndExhibitCompanywanttofind?[br]What
常用硬导体的截面形状包括()A.矩形 B.槽形 C.管形
有利于投资者安排股利收入和支出的股利政策是( )。A.固定股利支付率政策 B.
男性,72岁。因胸骨后不适,进食时有滞留感一年就诊。滞留感常在进食固体食物时出现
甲房地产开发公司(以下简称甲公司)委托乙房地产经纪公司(以下简称乙公司)独家销售
在无绝缘隔板、安全遮栏措施的10kV设备处工作,作业人员工作中正常活动范围与设备
D[考点]肺源性心脏病的X线胸片表现 [分析]肺源性心脏病在X线胸片上主要是肺动脉高压和右心增大的征象。肺动脉段突出,右下肺动脉干增粗,横径≥15mm
人寿保险标准条款中,充分体现人寿保险的根本宗旨的是( )。A.不丧失价值条款
最新回复
(
0
)