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  3. "You don’t have to wait for government to move... the really fantastic thing

"You don’t have to wait for government to move... the really fantastic thing

游客2023-12-15  10
问题    "You don’t have to wait for government to move... the really fantastic thing about Fairtrade is that you can go shopping ! "So said a representative of the Fairtrade movement in a British newspaper. Similarly Marion Nestle, a nutritionist at New York University, argues that "when you choose organics, you are voting for a planet with fewer pesticides, richer soil and cleaner water supplies. "
   The idea that shopping is the new politics is certainly seductive. Never mind the ballot box: vote with your supermarket trolley instead. Elections occur relatively rarely, but you probably go shopping several times a month, providing yourself with lots of opportunities to express your opinions. If you are worried about the environment, you might buy organic food ; if you want to help poor farmers, you can do your bit by buying Fairtrade products; or you can express a dislike of evil multinational companies and rampant globalisation by buying only local produce. And the best bit is that shopping, unlike voting, is fun; so you can do good and enjoy yourself at the same time.
   Sadly, it’s not that easy. There are good reasons to doubt the claims made about three of the most popular varieties of "ethical" food: organic food, Fairtrade food and local food. People who want to make the world a better place cannot do so by shifting their shopping habits: transforming the planet requires duller disciplines, like politics.
   Organic food, which is grown without man-made pesticides and fertilisers, is generally assumed to be more environmentally friendly than conventional intensive farming, which is heavily reliant on chemical inputs. But it all depends on what you mean by "environmentally friendly". Farming is inherently bad for the environment: since humans took it up around 11,000 years ago, the result has been deforestation on a massive scale. But following the ".green revolution"of the 1960s greater use of chemical fertiliser has tripled grain yields with very little increase in the area of land under cultivation. Organic methods, which rely on crop rotation, manure and compost in place of fertiliser, are far less intensive. So producing the world’s current agricultural output organically would require several times as much land as is currently cultivated. There wouldn’t be much room left for the rainforest.
   Fairtrade food is designed to raise poor fanners-incomes. It is sold at a higher price than ordinary food, with a subsidy passed back to the farmer. But prices of agricultural commodities are low because of overproduction. By propping up the price, the Fairtrade system encourages farmers to produce more of these commodities rather than diversifying into other crops and so depresses prices—thus achieving, for most fanners, exactly the opposite of what the initiative is intended to do. And since only a small fraction of the mark-up on Fairtrade foods actually goes to the farmer—most goes to the retailer—the system gives rich consumers an inflated impression of their largesse and makes alleviating poverty seem too easy.
   Surely the ease for local food, produced as close as possible to the consumer in order to minimise "food miles"and, by extension, carbon emissions, is clear? Surprisingly, it is not. A study of Britain’s food system found that nearly half of food-vehicle miles (ie, miles travelled by vehicles carrying food) were driven by cars going to and from the shops. Most people live closer to a supermarket than a farmer’s market, so more local food could mean more food-vehicle miles. Moving food around in big, carefully packed lorries, as supermarkets do, may in fact be the most efficient way to transport the stuff.
   What’s more, once the energy used in production as well as transport is taken into account, local food may turn out to be even less green. Producing lamb in New Zealand and shipping it to Britain uses less energy than producing British lamb, because farming in New Zealand is less energy-intensive. And the local-food movement’s aims, of course, contradict those of the Fairtrade movement, by discouraging rich-country consumers from buying poor-country produce. But since the local-food movement looks suspiciously like oldfashioned protectionism masquerading as concern for the environment, helping poor countries is presumably not the point.   [br] The best title for the passage might be
选项 A、Is There Clever Shopping?
B、The Fairtrade Movement.
C、Ethical Food—Good Food?
D、The New Politics.
答案 C
解析 主旨题。本文开篇由the Fairtrade movement引出organic之后解释一种新的购物理念，提到三种食品：organic food，Fairtrade products和local produce。第三段作者明确表明对三种“ethical”food的怀疑，之后开始逐一分析自己之所以质疑的原因，由此可见本文主旨是对三种“良知”食品提出质疑并分析说明，四个选项中，[A]过于笼统，与主题相关性不大；[B]只涉及local produce，不全面，[D]是第二段首句提到的细节，非主旨内容，只有[C]恰当概括了主题内容，故为答案。  
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