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  3. Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways o

Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways o

游客2023-11-20  38
问题     Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of people. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, underdeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.
     People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped forms of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of "backward" languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most language of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and. ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflects the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in "backward" languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated.  A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness ("this" and "that"); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.
     This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently and without ideas of rank of hierarchy. [br] According to the author, languages, whether civilized or not, have ______.
选项 A、the potential for expanding vocabulary
B、their own sound patterns
C、an ability to transfer ideas
D、grammatical structures
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。文中第二段指出所有语言都具备扩大词汇的能力。故选A项。
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