2. 职称英语
  3. [img]2019m9x/ct_eyyjsbz2019c_eyyjsbreadd_0077_201908[/img] As the presidentia

[img]2019m9x/ct_eyyjsbz2019c_eyyjsbreadd_0077_201908[/img] As the presidentia

游客2023-10-14  3
问题
   As the presidential candidates shift toward the general election, voters will hear divergent plans to address the problem of "too big to fail" financial institutions. The real threat to Wall Street, however, doesn’ t come from politicians, but from startups that are disrupting financial services at an unprecedented pace. In 2015 investment in financial technology (Fin Tech) startups that aim to transform the industry rose to nearly $ 14 billion, according to American Banker. As they gain customers, the megabanks will lose ground. "Too big to fail" also often means too clumsy to innovate. Already these institutions are finding themselves playing defense. Innovative blockchain technology—the magic behind Bitcoin—could drive further decentralization and disruption. But it isn’ t just banking. New startups are reimagining how we learn, eat, stay healthy and get around. This is only a start, as the Third Wave of the Internet gains strength.
   The First Wave was about building the Internet. Companies such as AOL created the underlying infrastructure and brought America and the rest of the world online. This phase peaked around 2000, setting the stage for the Second Wave, which has been about building apps and services on top of the Internet. Now the Third Wave has begun. Over the next decade and beyond, the Internet will rapidly become ubiquitous, integrated into our everyday lives, often in invisible ways. This will challenge industries such as health care, education, financial services, energy and transportation—which collectively represent more than half the U. S. economy.
   Take education. While the presidential candidates discuss the merits of abolishing or expanding the federal Education Department, entrepreneurs are revolutionizing how instructors teach and students learn. Venture capitalists see what’ s coming. Funding for EdTech startups hit $1.85 billion in 2015, according to EdSurge, up from $360 million in 2010. Former teachers are leading companies that are unleashing—finally—personalized and adaptive learning. While the pundits debate education policy, the innovators are in the trenches improving classrooms all across the country. Or look at health care. As the candidates pitch plans to abolish or build on the Affordable Care Act, the real action to improve America’ s medical system is coming from entrepreneurs. They are inventing better ways to keep us healthy, and smarter ways to treat us when we get sick. The revolution in health care is being led by the innovators who are working tirelessly to improve outcomes, enhance convenience and lower costs. And again, investors sense this: in 2015 health care companies raised a record $16.1 billion in venture capital, The Wall Street Journal reported, and increase from 2014 of 34% . And work itself is changing. Politicians promise to boost job creation, but their debates seem out of step with reality. As more industries become "Uberized, " and increasing share of employees will work multiple gigs. A full-time job with a single employer could become passe. Thus, how we manage benefits, sick leave and vacation will need to be modernized. That is likely the only path to lifting up the increasingly frustrated middle class.
   Second Wave startups have been centered around software: build an app, do what you can to drive viral adoption, and then find a way to make money, usually by selling ads, but sometimes by selling the entire company. In the Third Wave this approach won’ t work as well.
   Third Wave innovators will need to learn the lessons of the First Wave: the importance of partnerships, policy and perseverance. They won’ t be able to go it alone; they’ll need to go together. They’ll need to engage with governments, as regulators and often as customers. And they ‘ll need to recognize that revolutions often happen in evolutionary ways. Success will require many alliances, as well as constructive dialogue with regulators. The Third Wave of the Internet is also converging with trends toward regional entrepreneurship and impact investing. The State Science and Technology Institute reports that more than three-quarters of venture capital investment in 2015 went to three states: California, Massachusetts and New York. But now we’ re seeing the "Rise of the Rest" : cities across America are differentiating themselves by supporting startups. The next transformative enterprise in food systems could come from the Midwest instead of Silicon Valley. Impact investing—which focuses on purpose as well as profit—is growing, too. Investors, customers and employees increasingly want to believe in the companies that they buy from or work for.
   Politicians and corporate executives should be mindful that the. tectonic plates of our economy are starting to shift. They should engage entrepreneurs and seek win-win partnerships, instead of simply watching them with skepticism, or, worse, trying, to hobble them with regulations. As in the First Wave, coopetition—blending competition and cooperation—will likely define the coming era. The world is changing for all of us, and a new playbook is required.
Questions 71 ~ 75
Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.
   This is about next wave in the Internet’ s evolution. The real threat to financial institutions comes from 【R1】______ that are disrupting financial services at an unprecedented pace. Of three waves, 【R2】______was under construction for the first wave. For the second the main target was building 【R3】______on top of the Internet. The third wave of the Internet is also converging with trends toward 【R4】______and impact investing. As innovators, 【R5】______are changing the ways of how teachers teach and students learn. [br] 【R2】
选项
答案 the underlying infrastructure
解析 文章第二段第二句提到“美国在线等公司创造了基础设施，并将美国和世界其他地区带入互联网。这一阶段在2000年左右达到顶峰，为第二波奠定了基础”。也就是说，三波浪潮中，在建的基础设施为第二波浪潮奠定基础。因此，应填入the underlying infrastructure。
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