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A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the us

游客2023-09-09  12
问题      A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting in criminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity (父亲的身份) where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.
     DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to prove guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.
     The controversy in 1998 stemmed from a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass, and Daniel L. Hartl of Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Mo. Lewontin and Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current method Cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns.
     In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K. Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn. , argued that enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998, however, the Federal Bureau of investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples from various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, the National Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation (鉴定合格) for DNA testing laboratories.  [br] The attitude of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shows that ______.
选项 A、enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to confirm the unlikelihood of two DNA samples coming from two individual members
B、enough data of DNA samples should be collected to confirm that only DNA samples from the same person can match
C、enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to determine the likelihood of two different DNA samples coming from the same person
D、additional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected to determine that two DNA samples are unlikely to come from the same person    61. The National Academy of Sciences holds the stance that ______ .
答案 B
解析 文章末段指出，联邦调查局宣布他们会采集更多的数据，以解决目前Lewontin和Hartl及其他研究人员之间存在的争论，证明只有来自同一个人的指纹才能够完全吻合，避免因为来自同一民族不同成员的指纹相同造成的误差，故答案为B项。A项“两份DNA样品不可能来自于两个人”本身逻辑错误；C项本身为错误判断，因为来自同一个人的DNA样品不可能不同；开展采集更多数据的研究的目的是证明相同样品来自同一人，并非要证明不可能来源于同一人，因此排除D项。
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