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  3. Child maltreatment (虐待) is a global problem with serious life-long consequen

Child maltreatment (虐待) is a global problem with serious life-long consequen

游客2023-09-05  11
问题     Child maltreatment (虐待) is a global problem with serious life-long consequences. There are no reliable global estimates for the common existing of child maltreatment. Data for many countries, especially low- and middle-income countries, are lacking.
    Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Nonetheless, international studies reveal that approximately 20% of women and 5-10% of men report being sexually abused as children, while 25-50% of all children report being physically abused. Additionally, many children are subject to emotional abuse (sometimes referred to as psychological abuse) and to neglect.
    Every year, there are an estimated 31,000 homicide (他杀) deaths in children under 15. This number underestimates the true extent of the problem, as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to falls, burns and drowning and other causes.
    Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences. Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development. Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems. Consequently, as adults, maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioral, physical and mental health problems such as depression, smoking, unintended pregnancy, alcohol and drug misuse, etc. Via the behavioral and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer, suicide and sexually transmitted infections.
    Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment, there is an economic impact, including costs of hospitalization, mental health treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health costs.
    A number of risk factors for child maltreatment have been identified. These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment.
    It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated: being either under four years old or an adolescent; being unwanted, or failing to fulfill the exceptions of parents; and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features. [br] The true extent of homicide deaths in children under 15 was______ as many cases are wrongly categorized.
选项
答案 underestimated
解析 根据题干中的true extent和homicide deaths in children under 15将本题出处定位到第三段前两句。第二句的the problem指前句的homicide deaths in children under 15，题干的The true extent of homicide deaths in children under 15与此对应，as为原词复现，many cases are wrongly categorized“很多案例被错误归类”是对原文as后提到的“很大一部分由儿童虐待造成的死亡被错误地归因于坠楼、烧死或溺死”的同义转述。题干将原文的主动语态转化为被动语态，故将the true extent前的underestimates转化为underestimated即可。
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