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  3. Most of us experience false alarms with phones, because it is a common and u

Most of us experience false alarms with phones, because it is a common and u

游客2023-08-04  80
问题     Most of us experience false alarms with phones, because it is a common and unavoidable part of healthy brain function.
    Sensing phantom (错觉的) phone vibrations is a strangely common experience. Around 80％ of us have imagined a phone vibrating in our pockets when it’s actually completely still. Almost 30％ of us have also heard non-existent ringing. Are these hallucinations (幻觉) ominous (不祥的) signs of impending madness caused by digital culture?
    Not at all. In fact, phantom vibrations and ringing illustrate a fundamental principle in psychology.
    It’s an example of a perceptual system, just like a fire alarm, an automatic door, or a daffodil bulb that must decide when spring has truly started. Your brain has to make a perceptual judgment about whether the phone in your pocket is really vibrating. And, analogous to a daffodil bulb on a warm February morning, it has to decide whether the incoming signals from the skin near your pocket indicate a true change in the world.
    Psychologists use a concept called Signal Detection Theory to guide their thinking about the problem of perceptual judgments. Analyzing the example of phone vibrations, we can see how this theory explains why they are a common and unavoidable part of healthy mental function.
    When your phone is in your pocket, the world is in one of two possible states: the phone is either ringing or not. You also have two possible states of mind: the judgment that the phone is ringing, or the judgment that it isn’t. Obviously you’d like to match these states in the correct way. True vibrations should go with "it’s ringing", and no vibrations should go with "it’s not ringing". Signal detection theory calls these faithful matches a "hit" and a "correct rejection", respectively.
    But there are two other possible combinations: you could mismatch true vibrations with "it’s not ringing" (a "miss"); or mismatch the absence of vibrations with "it’s ringing" (a "false alarm"). This second kind of mismatch is what’s going on when you imagine a phantom phone vibration.
    For situations where easy judgments can be made, such as deciding if someone says your name in a quiet room, you will probably make perfect matches every time. But when judgments are more difficult—if you have to decide whether someone says your name in a noisy room, or have to evaluate something you’re not skilled at—mismatches will occasionally happen. And these mistakes will be either misses or false alarms. [br] According to Signal Detection Theory, which match or mismatch is going on when you sense a phone that is truly vibrating?
选项 A、A "correct rejection".
B、A "hit".
C、A "false alarm".
D、A "miss".
答案 B
解析 推断题。根据题干中的Signal Detection Theory和going on when you sense a phone that is truly vibrating可以定位到第五至七段。第六、七段以手机震动为例，用信号检测理论介绍了人类大脑认知和外部世界现实之间的四种匹配状况，即“击中”、 “正确拒斥”、“漏报”和“虚报”。题干中提到的“意识到真的正在震动的电话”，表明对正在震动的电话做出了正确判断，属于正确匹配中的“击中”，故选B。
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