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How Do You Know When Someone Is Lying? How the ancient Chinese

游客2024-08-10  25
问题                 How Do You Know When Someone Is Lying?
How the ancient Chinese did it

    The Chinese used rice. An examination for truthfulness might go something like this: "Is your name Chiang?"(They knew the guy’s name was, in fact, Chiang.)
    "Yes. "
    The interrogators handed Mr. Chiang some rice. They had already counted the number of rice grains.
    " OK. Put this handful of rice in your mouth. Hold it for three seconds. Spit it out. "
    Then they counted how many rice grains came out.
    "Did you steal the chicken?"
    "No."
    "OK. Put this handful of rice in your mouth again. Hold it for three seconds. Spit it out. "
    Again, they knew how many grains went in, and they counted how many came out. If more grains came out after the question about the stolen chicken than those that came out after the "easy" question, where the suspect truthfully gave his name, they knew he was lying. How? The stress of being caught lying made the suspect’s mouth drier. Fewer grains stuck, more came out. Mr. Chiang stole the chicken.

    Modern lie detectors
    Modern lie detectors—also known as "polygraphs"—rely on the same basic principle—that lying causes bodily changes, which can be detected and measured. Having agreed to do the test(if the test is done under duress, the extra stress caused makes the test unreliable), the suspect is connected to three devices measuring blood pressure, breathing rate and electrodermal response(the increased amount of electricity which flows to the skin when we sweat). Increased activity in these areas suggests increased stress... which means the subject might be lying.
    Lie detectors have been widely used in the US since the 1950s but they remain controversial and their results are not always accepted by courts.
    The results of a test taken by the British nanny Louise Woodward to support her plea of not guilty of killing a child in her care were not admitted as evidence at her trial in Massachusetts. Nowadays, polygraphs are used by the US police, the CIA and the FBI to screen job applicants, but private employers are not allowed to subject job candidates to polygraph examinations, except in a few high-security industries like pharmaceuticals and money manufacturing.
    Your voice
    Cheaper and faster than a polygraph, the voice stress analyzer, or VSA is based on the premise that our voice changes when we are under stress—when we’re lying for example. The VSA detects the changes, and will work on a telephone, tape recording or from the next room via a wireless mic or bug. The analyzer monitors the subject’s voice patterns and inflections, and electronically evaluates their relative stress patterns to determine if they are lying or not. Now you can even buy a "Truth Phone" , so when your other half rings to say they’re working late at the office, you can immediately know if it’s true or not! Research indicates this technology is not very precise at picking up deceitfulness.
    Hesitation
    The period of time between the last word of an investigator’s question and the first word of the subject’s response is known as "Response latency". Research tells us that the average response latency for subjects who are telling the truth is 0. 5 seconds whereas the average latency for liars is 1. 5 seconds. This is because the subject is mentally considering whether to tell the truth, part of the truth, or a complete lie. Latencies of two or three seconds should be regarded as highly suspicious. In other words, he who hesitates is probably lying!
    Blushing
    According to researchers in the USA, when someone lies they get an instantaneous warming a-round the eyes... commonly known as "blushing". Dr. James Levine of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, speculates that people who lie are afraid of getting caught. "That fear triggers a primitive response to run away. Blood goes to the eyes so that the liar can more efficiently map out an escape route," he says. A high-definition, heat-sensing camera can detect such blushes: the new technology has proved more reliable than conventional lie detectors and could offer a new tool for mass security screening at places like airports, office buildings and high-profile events.
Questions 56-60:
Mark each statement as either true(T)or false(F)according to the passage. [br] The main advantages of the VSA are its cheapness and reliability.( )
选项 A、TRUE
B、FALSE
答案 B
解析 由题干VSA定位至第三部分第一段，该段开头提到“cheaper and faster than a polygraph”，指出“比测谎仪便宜并且快速”，题干所描述的“reliability”与原文内容不符。
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