首页
登录
职称英语
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth CenturyP1: Urbaniz
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth CenturyP1: Urbaniz
游客
2024-01-02
9
管理
问题
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth Century
P1: Urbanized societies, in which a high proportion of the population lives in cities, developed only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The process of urbanization has moved rapidly in the entire world since 1800, and the peak is not yet in sight. In the United States, early New England towns, formally disposed along wide elm-lined central roadways or commons, exhibit a conscious planning. In discussing the growth of cities in the United States in the nineteenth century, one cannot really use the term "urban planning", as it suggests modern concerns for spatial and service organization which, in most instances, did not exist before the planning revolution called the City Beautiful Movement that began in the 1890s. While there certainly were urban areas that were "planned" in the comprehensive contemporary sense of the word before that date, most notably Washington, D.C., these were the exception. Most "planned" in the nineteenth century was limited to areas much smaller than a city and was closely associated with developers trying to make a profit from a piece of land.
P2: Three forces particularly affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in the nineteenth century: economics, transportation technology, and demographics. Added to these was the characteristic American preference for independent living, including separate neighborhoods for themselves by building mansions on large plots of land at the edges of the cities or in the countryside. Economic development stemmed from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th centuries transformed urban life and gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of living. The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, encouraged migration to cities. People no longer had to live within walking distance of their jobs. Commuting into the city to work became easier and cheaper with constant transportation system improvements and increased ridership.
P3: Demographic patterns also accounted for the urbanization. Urban populations grew steadily due to rural immigrants gravitated to the cheap housing and to the promise of work in or near the center of cities or around factories and emigration from around the globe. As the 19th century drew to a close, the rapid development of cities served as both a uniting and dividing factor in American social, economic, and political life. Cities attracted a rich cross-section of the world’s population, creating a various, metropolitan atmosphere. At the same time, cities forced people from entirely different backgrounds to live and work together in close proximity for the first time, which contributed to diverse urban problems.
P4: Many nineteenth-century urban problems continue to plague cities today, especially those associated with sanitation and mega-fires resulted from lack of planning and regulation. The growth of cities outpaced the ability of local governments to extend clean water, garbage collection, and sewage systems into poorer areas, so conditions in cities deteriorated. Sanitary sewers at that time failed to stop the spread of typhoid, increased its infection rates downstream of sewer outlets, and the miasmatic gasses they were designed to mitigate turned out to not exist. It was not until the 1860s that any serious, concerted effort was made to develop proper systems for water delivery and sewage removal, which caused water contamination and the spread of disease by rodents and insects. During the 19th century, the United States was afflicted with many urban conflagrations and wildfires as tactical firefighting and prevention practices were underdeveloped. Construction with combustible materials coupled with close placement of buildings and the use of open flames in heating, cooking, and lighting meant that the potential for raging fires was ever present.
P5: Cities in the late 19th century were large, compacted, and impersonal places devoted to making money. Typically, development was both unplanned and unrestricted, with landowners making all choices of lot size, services, and street arrangement based only on their individual needs in the marketplace. Not surprisingly, corruption was rampant in city government and city services, in the construction industry, and among landlords and employers. High rents, low wages, and poor services produced misery in the midst of abrupt economic growth.
P2: Three forces particularly affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in the nineteenth century: economics, transportation technology, and demographics. Added to these was the characteristic American preference both for independent living, including separate neighborhoods for themselves by building mansions on large plots of land at the edges of the cities or in the countryside.■ Economic development stemmed from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th centuries transformed urban life and gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of living. ■The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, encouraged migration to cities. ■People no longer had to live within walking distance of their jobs. ■Commuting into the city to work became easier and cheaper with constant system improvements and increased ridership. [br] The word "steadily" in the passage is closest in meaning to
选项
A、significantly
B、rapidly
C、continuously
D、unevenly
答案
C
解析
【词汇题】steadily意为“稳定地”。
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.tihaiku.com/zcyy/3328536.html
相关试题推荐
TheDinee,aNativeAmerican(people)ofthesouthwesternUnitedStates,were(o
(Itwas)the(splitof)elevensouthern(states)fromtheUnionin1861that(le
TheMedicareprogram(wasestablished)in1965to(helping)elderlyUnitedState
TheAtlanticcable,whichbegan(tooperating)in1866,1inkedtheUnitedStates
IntheUnitedStates,(the)attorneygeneralisacabinet(member)incharge(wi
(Painters)havebeenportrayingthesea(forcenturies),andintheUnitedState
(Perhaps)morethan(anyother)UnitedStatescity,SanFranciscois(a)collect
Gourdswere(introduced)towhatisnowthesouthwesternUnitedStatesby(earli
AppointmentstotheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtandalllowerfederalcourts___
NewspaperpublishersintheUnitedStateshavelongbeenenthusiasticus
随机试题
Landbelongstothecity;thereis______thingasprivateownershipofland.A、no
检测人员进行完整性类别划分时,不宜单凭测试信号定论。
肺炎球菌肺炎患者若对青霉素过敏,宜选用的有效抗菌药物是A、庆大霉素 B、阿米
实践中,机动车交通事故责任在因果关系判断上往往需要借助于()对交通事故的认定。A
房地产估价专业意见的作用可分为性质不同的两类()。A.一是咨询性估价或参考
制定、实施内部劳动规则同时也是用人单位对( )和用人单位财产投资者的义务。A.
为防范信用风险,应建立对企业或单位的()等方面进行量化、细化的综合评价考核机制。
下列能正确描述英国国教派的教育主张的是()A.国家通过对教师资格的认定和对教材
识别风险的操作起点是( )。A.建立初步清单 B.进行风险分类 C.制定风
以下各项中,不属于施工作业人员安全生产的义务是()。 A.守法遵章
最新回复
(
0
)