Unlike so-called basic emotions such as

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问题 Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness,fear,and anger,guilt emerges a little later,in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms.Children aren’t born knowing how to say“I’m sorry”;rather,they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends-and their own consciences.This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt,in the right amount,to be a good thing:A child who claims responsibility for knocking over a tower and tries to rebuild it is engaging in behavior that’s not only reparative but also prosocial.In the popular imagination,of course,guilt still gets a bad rap.It evokes Freud’s ideas and religious hang-ups.More important,guilt is deeply uncomfortable-it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones.Who would inflict it upon a child?Yet this understanding is outdated.“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,”Vaish says,adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary-feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.Jealousy and anger,for example,may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities.Too much happiness(think mania)can be destructive.And guilt,by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness,can encourage humans to atone for errors and fix relationships.Guilt,in other words,can help hold a cooperative species together.It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light,guilt is an opportunity.Work by Tina Malti,a psychology professor at the University of Toronto,suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency.In a number of studies,Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy(and its close cousin empathy)may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing.Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt,which can rein in their nastier impulses.And vice versa:High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study,for example,Malti and a colleague looked at 244 children,ages 4,8,and 12.Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations,they rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions(like guilt and sadness)after moral transgressions.Then the kids were handed stickers and chocolate coins,and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child.For the low-sympathy kids,how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty.The guilt-prone ones shared more,even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.“That’s good news,”Malti says.“We can be prosocial because of our empathetic proclivity,or because we caused harm and we feel regret.”　　Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing_______.《》（）A.may help correct emotional deficienciesB.can bring about emotional satisfactionC.can result from either sympathy or guiltD.may be the outcome of impulsive acts

选项 A.may help correct emotional deficiencies
B.can bring about emotional satisfaction
C.can result from either sympathy or guilt
D.may be the outcome of impulsive acts

答案 C

解析本题目为细节题，考察具体细节。根据题干关键词Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing定位到第四段第三句。马尔蒂和其他人已经表明，内疚和同情可能代表合作和分享的不同途径。正确答案C的sympathy和guilt是文中的原词，result from是原文represent的同义替换，干扰项A可能帮助纠正情绪缺陷，原文是compensate for an emotional deficiency弥补感情上的缺陷，并且原文主语只有内疚感并没有同情，属于偷换概念。属于正反混淆;选项B can bring about emotional satisfaction可以带来情绪的满足感，原文并未提及，属于无中生有;选项D的may be the outcome of impulsive acts可能是冲动行为的结果，原文是内疚会抑制他们更坏的冲动，属于偷换概念。

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Unlike so-called basic emotions such as

英语二研究生

研究生入学